THE    UNIVERSITY  OF   CHICAGO 

rOUNDED   BY  JOHN  D.  ROCVtFKLLBR 


The  Decennial  Publications 


PHYSIC  AL  CHAKACTERS  OF  INDIANS  OF 
SOUTHERN  MEXICO 


BV 


FREDERICK   STARR 


uMn^Afirv  Of    * 


tFOKMIA 
.1  DitGO 


J 


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THE    UNIVERSITY   OF    CHICAGO 

FOUNDED    BV  JOHN    D.  ROCK  E  K  EL  IE  K 


TllK    Df.CENNIAL    Pi  HLICATIO.NS 


THE   PHYSICAL  CHARACTERS  OE  THE   INDIANS 
OE  SOUTHERN   MEXICO 

BY 


FREDEKICK   STARR 

ASSOCIATE  PEOFESSOK  OF  ANTHROPOLOGY 


PRINTED   FROM    VoI.U.MF.  IV 


CHICAGO 

'I'll  10    UNIVERSITY  OF    CHICAGO   PRESS 
1902 


Cop!/ri(ihf  I  !><'■-> 
BY  THE  UNIVERSITY  01"  CHICAGO 


PRINTED  AllilST  1.  1902 


THE   I'lIYSlCAL  (■nARA(Ti:RS  Ol     IHi:  INDIANS  OF 

SOITHEKN    MEXICO 

Frederick    Starr 

In  tlu>  suuiiiKT  of  iHD.'i,  the  casual  iiicctiiiif  with  a  group  of  Mixc  Indians,  at 
Mitln.  greatly  aroused  our  interest.  Having  occasion,  six  months  later,  to  visit  Guate- 
iiiiila.  \vf  (K'termined  to  make  the  jciuriicy  fniiii  ( )axaca  to  the  city  of  (iuatcuuda  tiy 
horsi'  tliroiigh  tlie  Mixe  country,  in  order  that  we  might  see  more  of  these  intercHting, 
l)ut  litth'  known,  Indians.  Passing,  in  that  journey,  through  the  territories  of  a  (hi/.eii 
diiferent  tribes,  we  were  ])i'ofoun(lly  iniiircssed  by  the  |iliysical  ditl'erences  which  tln^ 
Indians  of  these  tribes  presented.  Linguistic  ditferences  among  the  Indians  of  the 
Istlimian  group  have  long  since  been  admitted.  Our  earliest  field-study  in  Mexican 
archeology  had  already  impressed  u|)on  us  the  necessity  of  ditferentiating  the  ancient 
cultures  of  Mexico  —  not  mie  unif<irm  Aztec  art  presents  itself  for  study,  imt  a  nundier 
of  distini-t  cultures.  In  the  physical  types  we  now  saw  a  third  lint'  of  notable  ditfer- 
ences between  Mexican  p(jpulations  and  one  which  appeared  to  be  as  deserving  of 
study  as  either  of  the  others.  We  believed  that  the  three  lines  of  variation  —  lin- 
guistic, archaeological,  somatic  —  should  have  a  common  explanation,  that  all  were 
related,  and  that  all  were  important  in  questions  of  origin,  develo|)ment,  and  rclation- 
shi}).  Accordingly,  in  the  course  of  that  journey,  the  plan  of  stmly  of  which  this 
paper  is  the  report  took  form. 

Three  sorts  of  investigation  have  been  pursued  in  order  to  define  the  physical 
types  of  these  tribes.  Measurements  have  been  made,  photographs  have  been  taken, 
and  plaster  busts  have  been  molded.  Twenty-three^  tribes  have  been  examined.  It 
was  plaiMied  to  measure  one  Iniiidi'cd  men  and  t wi'Hl\-five  women  in  ea<-li  triiie. 
Fourteen  measurements  were  taken  upon  each  sul)|ect,  tlu'  list  of  measuri'Uients  being 
that  used  by  Dr.  Franz  IJoas  in  his  World's  ('olund)ian  Exjxisition  inv(>stigation  of  the 
tribes  of  the  Unilid  Stairs.  11'  wi'  had  made  tile  niindier  indii'aled.  in  evcrv  trilx'.  We 
should  have  measured  a  total  of  2,S75  persons;  we  actually  measured  2,S47,  One 
hundred  does  not  make  a  large  series;  it  is,  however,  more  than  are  contained  in  four- 
tiftlis  of  tiie  series  accessible  to  anthropologists,  an<l  is  a  large  enough  nund)er  to  give 
weight  to  the  results  secured.  Drnikei-.  in  '/'Ac  Hdcca  af  Man.  (piotes  series  of  Iweiitv- 
(ive  or  nioic  We  have  taken  this  nuud)er,  as  a  nunimum  of  utility,  as  the  limit  for 
our  series  of  women.  Characters  of  race  ai-e  belter  marked  in  men  than  in  women; 
women  of  all  tribes  are,  therefoi'e,  more  alike  than  Ihe  men;  it  is  more  diflicult  to 
secure  wiimen  fur  measurement  than  men;  when  secured,  they  are  less  easily  measured, 
on  account  of  stubbornness,  stupidity,  or  fear.  Thesi'  an'  the  reasons  wliv  a  less 
number  of  feuude  than  of  male  subjects  was  demanded. 

53 


4  PhYSKAI,    ruABACTEKS    OF    INDIANS   OF    SOUTHERN    MEXICO 


Our  second  iiR'thod  of  investigation  was  by  photography.  As  the  125  subjects 
passed  through  our  hands  for  measurement,  we  selected  those  which  seemed  to  best 
present  the  tribal  type  for  jihotographing.  Usually  none  were  selected  until  enough 
subjects  had  been  uu'asured  and  examined  for  a  clear  idea  of  the  type  to  be  present  in 
our  mind.  Front  and  side  views  were  made  of  each  person  photographed.  Approxi- 
mately six  hundred  negatives  of  this  sort  were  taken.  A  considerable  selection  from 
these  has  already  been  published,  under  the  title  Indians  of  Soiifheru  Mexico:  on 
Etinioj/vojihic  Albnni.  Besides  portraits  to  show  the  physical  types,  this  work  con- 
tains many  views  of  villages,  buildings,  groups,  industries,  etc.,  etc.  The  second  and 
final  volume  of  this  album  is  now  ready  for  the  engraver.  From  among  the  portrait 
negatives  we  have  selected  sixty  of  the  most  characteristic ;  they  represent  twenty-three 
males  and  seven  females,  front  and  side  view  of  each ;  the  twenty-three  males  included 
one  representative  of  each  tribe.  From  these  negatives  a  series  of  life-size  platinum- 
paper  prints  has  been  made,  of  the  exact  size  of  life,  for  museum  use.  Only  fifty  sets 
of  these  most  life-like  portraits  are  to  be  pu])lislied.  The  reduced  half-tone  engravings 
with  which  this  paper  is  illustrated  were  made  from  these  same  negatives. 

Five  busts  were  to  be  made  in  each  tribe.  jNIolds  were  made  directly  upon  the 
subject,  and  a  first  (pattern )  bust  was  run  before  we  left  the  town  where  the  investiga- 
tion was  going  on.  The  mold  was  chipped  away  and  the  bust  carried  with  us.  After 
returning  home  these  busts  were  placed,  together  witli  the  ])hotogra]ihs  of  the  same 
subjects,  in  the  hands  of  a  competent  and  conscientious  artist,  wlio  carefully  repaired 
breakages  or  imperfections,  opened  the  eyes,  and  put  on  the  hair.  The  series  of  busts 
absolutely  made  overran  one  hundred,  l)ut  it  has  been  reduced  to  exactly  one  hundred 
by  eliminating  the  less  desirable.  All  the  tribes  are  represented  in  this  series  by 
from  two  to  five  subjects.  Four  sets  only  of  these  busts  are  to  be  run,  and  it  is 
expected  that  they  will  be  located  in  as  many  different  countries.' 

The  tribes  visited  live  in  the  states  of  Mexico,  Michoacan,  Hidalgo,  Puebla, 
Tlaxcala,  Vera  Cruz,  Oaxaca,  Chiaj)as.  and  Yucatan.  The  list,  iu  the  order  visited,  is: 
1,  (Jtomis;  2,  Tarascans;  8,  Tlaxcalans;  4,  Aztecs;  5,  Mixtecs;  ti,  Triquis;  7,  Zapo- 
tecs  (Mitlaj ;  8,  Mixes;  9,  Zapotecs  (Tehuantej)ecj ;  10,  Juaves;  11,  Chontals;  12, 
Cuicatecs;  13,  Chinantecs;  14,  Chochos;  1"),  Mazatecs;  IB,  Tepehuas:  17,  Totonacs: 
18,  Huaxtecs;  lit,  Mayas;  20,  Zot|ues;  21,  Tzotzils;  22,  Tzendals,  2:5,  Clu.ls.  T\w 
location  of  these  tribes  is  shown  upon  the  accompanying  map,  their  areas  l)eing  num- 
bered to  coiTespond  with  those  in  the  list. 

The  only  basis  of  classification  of  Mexican  Indians  has  been  the  linguistic.  We 
have  naturally  been  interested  in  seeing  how  far  the  relationships  indicated  by  language 
harmonized  with  the  evidence  of  physical  characters.  The  agreement  was  liardly  so 
strong  as  was  anticipated.     Where  lesults  of  interest  seem  to  lie  brought  out,  we  tabu- 

lOur  expeditions  were  limitod  to  about  three  months  Godinez,  plaster-workers  in  tlie  field:  .Vug.  Hubert,  mod- 
In  each  of  four  years:  1898,  1899,  1900,  1901.  My  helpers  eler:  Alvin  (i.  Synnberg,  enfrnver :  Manuel  Gonzales, field- 
were  Bedros  Tatarian,  Charles  B.  Laui^,  and  Louis  Grabic,  helper;  William  L.  Koehne.  plu)to^'rapher  in  tlie  studio, 
photojjraphors  in  the  field:  Anselmo  Pacheco  and  Hamun  To  all  our  thanks  are  duo  and  hereby  fjiveu. 

54 


Fbedebick  Starr 


5 


late  the  data  regarding  linguistically  related  tribes.  It  may  lie  well  tn  indicate  here 
the  linguistic  affinities  of  our  tribes.  The  latest  important  work  u|>(in  tju'  Mexican 
languages  is  Dr.  Nic-holas  Leon's  Liiir/iii.ttic  F(iiiiih'cf<  of  Mexico.  According  to  it, 
the  twenty-three  tribes  in  question  are  grouped  as  follows: 

Xahuatlan  Family:  Aztecs,  Tlaxcalans,  Chontals(?). 

Tarascau  Family:  Tarascaus. 

ZtKjueau  Family:  Zoqu(!s,  Mixes. 

Totouaciin  Family:  Totonacs. 

Zaix)tecau  Family:  Zapotecs,  Cuicatecs,  Chochos,  Mazjitecs,  Triepiis,  Chontals(?),  Tehuan- 
tepecaiuis,  Mixtccs. 

()tliomi;iii  Family:  Otomis. 

Mayau  Family:  Alayas,  Huaxtecs.  Tzeudal.s,  Tzotzils,  t^hol.s. 

Huarian  Family:  Juaves. 

Chiuaiitecaii  Family:  Chinaiitecs. 

The  Tepcluias,  whom  Orozco  y  Berra  leaves  unclassified,  are  not  mentioned  l)y  Dr.  Leon. 
They  live  in  several  villages  in  the  region  where  the  states  of  Hidalgo  and  Vera  Cruz  come 
together.  Some  data  relative  to  them  may  be  found  in  our  Notes  on  the,  Ethnogvaithy  of 
Southern  Mexiro.  pp.  83-6  (reprintetl  from  the  Proceedings  Davenport  Acadeni;/  of  Sciences. 
Vol.  \'TII.  ]9(M)i.     They  present  much  of  interest,  and  we  hope  to  print  further  regarding  them. 


Before  presenting  the  actual  results  of  our  study  sonu'  brief  statements  of  method 
and  generalizations  are  necessary.  Stature,  shoulder-lu'iglit.  and  height  of  second 
finger-tip  (the  arms  hanging  at  the  sides,  witli  the  hands  upcnl  were  taken  in  rapid 
succession,  to  prevent  change  of  p(jsition  on  the  part  of  the  subject.  When,  as  hap- 
pened rarejv.  the  subject  was  not  barefoot,  the  height  of  the  her!  (if  the  shoe  was 
measured  and  subtracted  from  all  the  measures  into  which  it  entere(l.  Tlic  shoulder- 
width  was  the  lii-acinmiiil  measure.  Two  face-heights  were  taken:  oncwasfnini  the 
line  of  hair  and  forehead  to  the  chin,  the  other  from  the  nasioii  or  the  external 
point  corres]>onding  to  it    —to  the  chin. 

In   South  Mexican    Indians  tlie  hair  is  usually  coai'se,  straight,  and   black.     This 


6  Physical  Characters  of  Indians  op  Southern  Mexico 

is  ti'ue  of  all  tuibes.  There  is.  hdwevcr,  a  little  individual  variation  in  form  and  color 
in  some  tribes  ;  such  are  mentioned  in  the  descriptions  of  tribes.  Tlie  graying  of 
liair,  with  advancing  age.  varies  considerably  with  tribes  ;  in  some  it  is  rare,  in  others 
rather  common.  Thinning  of  hair  on  the  to])  of  the  head,  as  age  advances,  occurs  in 
few  tribes.  A  slight  degree  of  waviness  or  curliness  is  sometimes  to  be  seen,  but  only 
in  one  tribe,  the  Chontals,  was  it  strikingly  frequent.  All  these  variations  in  hair 
growth  or  color  are  interesting,  and  show  racial  differences  or  indicate  mixture  of 
bloods.  The  growth  and  distribution  of  the  beard  is  strikingly  constant,  though 
occasional  tribal  differences  can  be  made  out.  Usuall}-.  the  growth  on  the  upper 
cheeks  is  scanty,  scattered,  and  well  forward  ;  on  the  lower  cheeks,  none  ;  on  the 
chin,  it  varies  from  scanty  to  medium,  but  is  apt  to  be  localized  upon  the  tip  of  the 
chin  ;  the  moustache  is  the  heaviest  part  of  the  beard,  and  the  first  to  appear.  To 
economize  space  we  summarize  the  descriptions  of  beard  growth,  in  the  tribal  accounts, 
after  a  sort  of  formula,  which  ap])lies  to  upper  cheeks,  lower  cheeks,  chin ;  moustache. 
The  beard,  but  more  [)articularly  the  moustache,  is  often  lighter  than  the  head-hair. 
being  brown,  or  light  brown,  while  the  head-hair  is  black  ;  the  beard  also,  especially 
the  moustache,  grays  relatively  early,  and  may  be  gray,  or  even  white,  V)efore  there  is 
even  a  sprinkling  of  gray  hairs  upon  the  head. 

The  eyes  of  Mexican  Indians,  like  those  of  our  own  Indians,  are  generally  of 
a  brown  so  dark  as  to  be  almost  black.  In  the  matter  of  eye  color  there  is  little 
variation.  Sometimes  a  little  fading  takes  place  with  age,  and  brown  or  light  brown 
eyes  are  more  common  in  old  persons  than  in  others.  Apparently  "oblicjue'"  eyes, 
like  those  of  the  Chinese,  are  frequent  in  some  tribes,  but  are  not  universal  in  any ;  a 
less  degree  of  obliquity,  which  in  our  records  is  designated  as  J.-mongoloid,  or  ;^-nion- 
goloid,  occurs  quite  commonly  in  some  tribes  where  no  true  cases  of  obliquity  were 
noted  ;  in  one  or  two  tribes  there  was  (jbserved  a  tendency  to  the  opposite  condition  — 
/'.  c,  a  slight  obliquity,  in  which  the  outer  corner  of  the  eye  seemed  lower  than  the 
inner  :  in  several  tribes  the  eyes  appear  horizontal,  and  no  cases,  even  of  slight 
obliquity,  occurred.  In  nearly  all  the  tribes  the  eyes  are  widely  separated,  and  in 
none  were  they  notably  close  together. 

We  need  not  comment  at  length  upon  tlie  descriptive  characters  of  the  nose,  lip, 
and  ear.  We  may  merely  remark  that  the  ears  are  of  medium  size  and  rather  uniform, 
anil  that  they  rarely  present  those  stigmata  of  degeneracy  of  which  so  much  study 
has  been  made.  They  are  usually  well  shaped  and  project  but  little  from  the  head. 
The  lobe  is  usually  of  fair  size  and  well  formed,  though  it  is  usuallv  more  or  less 
attached. 

In  recording  skin  color  we  used  the  little  book  pre|)ared  bv  Dr.  Boas  in  1S'.12. 
This  was  withdrawn  before  his  investigation  ended,  but  having  no  better  series  we 
have  continued  to  employ  it.  Only  seven  of  its  colors  occur,  with  any  frequency, 
among  our  Mexican  ti'ibes,  and  these  we  have  reproduced  in  the  accompanying  color- 
chart,  where  their  original  reference  numbers  are  retained.     Of  course,  no  Indian  ever 

r)(5 


Decennial  PrBLicATioxs,  IV 


Plate  I 


13 


15 


16 


23 


COLOR-CHART      FOR      SO  U  T  H  -  M  E  X  I  C  A  N      INDIANS 


Frederick  Starr 


presents  a  single,  simple,  dead  eoior,  such  as  are  liere  j^iveii  :  these  ai-e  f(iiiii(hiti(iii 
colors,  wliich  are  livened  u|i  with  tints  of  red  or  yellow.  There  is  a  nutahlc  varietv 
of  color  among  these  triix's. 

The  records  regarding  the  number  of  children  iKjrne  are  below  the  reality. 
Records  were  made  for  all  women  who  have  had  children,  even  for  young  mothers  who 
had  their  tirst  infant  in  their  arms.  Unmarried  women  below  t\ventv-fi\-e  are  not 
recorded  ;  women  above  twenty-tive.  but  uiimarrii-d.  are  so  recorded  :  marrie(l  women 
without  children,  more  than  twenty-five  years  of  age.  are  recorded  as  barn-n. 

No  serious  attem|)t  was  niad<'  to  secure  information  regarding  kinds  of  diseases 
or  their  frequency.  Such  diseases,  however,  as  yj////o,  goitre,  cataract,  and  such  results 
of  disease  as  pock-marking  were  generally  recorded.  In  regard  to  pinfo  and  goitre 
the  records  probably  give  some  idea  of  their  actual  frequency. 

We  may  tirst  examine  some  general  tables,  wherein  measurements  or  indices  from 
the  ditferent  tribes  are  compared,  and  tlun  wr  may  consider  the  data  regarding  eaidi 
tribe  in  detail : 

TABLE    I.        STATfRE 


100 
99 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 

la) 

100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
80 
100 
1(N) 
1(10 

KXJ 
99 


Tribe 


Mazatecs 

Triquis 

Mayas 

Tzendals 

Chols 

Tzotzils 

Tcpehuas  

Mi-ttecs 

Chochos 

Cuicatecs 

Huaxtecs 

Totonacs 

Mixes 

Chinantecs  . . 

Otomis 

Zapotecs  (Mitla) 

Aztecs 

Chontals 

Jiiavps 

Zoijues 

Tarascans 

Tlasi'alans 

Zapotecs  (Teh.) . 


Extremes 

Rangi! 

.sis 

J  02  1 

m 

3 

_•  1 

Max. 

Miu. 

f^.^ 

1.551.. 3 

1,664 

1,4*3 

232 

86 

10 

i 

0 

1,551.4 

1,679 

1,,351 

329 

79 

17 

.3 

1) 

1,.552.4 

1,675 

1,452 

224 

80 

16 

i 

0 

1,557.1 

1,722 

1,403 

320 

75 

18 

6 

1 

1,557.9 

1,686 

1,4.36 

251 

70 

25 

5 

0 

1,559.0 

1,669 

1,445 

225 

78 

19 

3 

0 

1,559.7 

1,685 

1,470 

,216 

&3 

14 

.3 

0 

1,561.3 

1,755 

1,421 

335 

72 

25 

1 

*) 

1,562.2 

1,684 

1,437 

248 

77 

17 

(i 

1) 

1,562.. T 

1,7.36 

1,.365 

.372 

77 

17 

4 

•  ) 

1,570.."$ 

1,693 

1,413 

281 

71 

19 

10 

II 

1,573.4 

1,669 

1,488 

182 

73 

22 

5 

0 

1,574.4 

1,714 

1,55.3 

162 

70 

21 

8 

1 

1,575.8 

1,700 

1,4.30 

271 

69 

23 

7 

1 

1,579.7 

1,718 

1,421 

298 

53 

.35 

11 

1 

1,586.4 

1,772 

1,4.32 

341 

58 

.32 

6 

4 

1,590.2 

1,776 

1,465 

312 

53 

29 

16 

2 

1,598.0 

1,768 

1..391 

378 

60 

26 

12 

2 

1,599.6 

1,73:^ 

1.473 

261 

55 

26 

.  15 

4 

1,600.0 

1,766 

1,442 

325 

49 

.36 

12 

3 

1,600.4 

1,718 

1,4.50 

269 

49 

33 

16 

2 

1,605.4 

1,787 

1,493 

295 

43 

.30 

18 

.3 

1, (!().').  (1 

1.7;!l) 

1.47t; 

255 

48 

.■$2 

16 

4 

As   shown  by  the  tabic,  iiini'tccn    of   these    tribes   aie   of    ■•  little   statures'" — /.  r.. 
below  l,()t)()  mm. ;   four  are  '•  i>eluw  mean  " — /.  f.,  from  l.tiOO  Id  l.r).'')Omm.      Even   the 

57 


8 


Physical  Characters  of  Indians  of  Sulthern  Mexico 


tallest  tribes  of  all,  tlio  Zapotecs  of  Tehuantepec,  are  only  in  the  lowest  part  of  this 
group.  No  tribe,  as  a  tribe,  presents  a  mean  stature  "above  mean,"  and  the  greatest 
nuin])er  of  "tall"  individuals  in  any  tribe  is  only  four.  The  two  shortest  tribes. 
Mazatecs  and  Triquis,  are  linguistic  relations  ;  they  are,  however,  linguistically  related 
to  the  Tehuantepecanos,  who  are  the  tallest  of  the  whole  list.  The  actual  differences 
in  these  statures  is  considerable,  ")3.7mm..  or  something  like  2^  inches.  The  sex 
difference  in  stature  is  notable.  Deniker.  suppf)rting  himself  upon  Topiuard,  states 
the  usual  sexual  difference  for  mankind  to  be  12  cm.,  with  a  range  of  7  cm.  to  13  cm. 
Taking  our  tribes  in  the  order  of  the  table  we  find  the  difference  in  mean  statures  for 
the  two  sexes  to  be  as  follows:  IIS.G,  12().l.  137.2.  118.7,  144.!».  117.7.  124.3,  93.4, 128.8, 
112.3,  5t7.(),  142.U,  IIB.O,  177.0,  124.0,  107.0,  128.4,  117.4,  ISli.fi.  125.2,  118.().  11SI.8. 
95. T).  The  average  of  these  differences  is  122.09,  showing  that  the  women  in  these 
tribes  are  really  shorter  than  the  men  in  an  unusual  degree.  The  (ictiuil  difference  is 
small,  but  even  small  differences  in  means  are  significant.  It  will  also  be  noticed  that 
no  case  nearly  approaches  Topinard's  minimum  difference  of  7  em.  (70  mm.),  the 
smallest  difference  in  our  list  being  93.4  ;  there  are  also  five  cases — 137.2,  144.9. 
142.9,  177.0,  and  130.6  —  which  surpass  his  maximum  difference  of  13  cm.  (130  mm.  ). 
A  final  observation  of  interest  in  regard  to  stature  is  that  children,  in  most  of  the 
tribes,  are  often  larger  than  their  parents  ;  this  may  indicate  a  recent  improvement  in 
food-supply  or  mode  of  life. 


table    II.       AR.M    index 


■ss 

Tribe 

Mean 

Extremes 

Range 

Tribe 

Mean 

Extremes 

Range 

c  * 

Max. 

Min. 

Max. 

Miu. 

100 
100 
100 

Mixes 

Mixtecs 

Tzotzils 

44.6 
44.8 
45.0 
45.0 
45.1 
45.1 
45.1 
45.2 
45.3 
45.3 
45.4 
45.4 

48.7 
47.7 
49.3 
49.6 
47.9 
48.8 
47.5 
46.7 
48.4 
48.4 
48.8 
52.6 

40.6 
.38.0 
41.2 
40.8 
40.5 
.39.2 
40.2 
40.2 
40.8 
40.0 
41.8 
43.3 

8.2 
9.8 
8.2 
8.9 
7.5 
9.7 
7.4 
6.6 
7.7 
8.5 
7.1 
9.4 

100 
100 
100 
100 
100 

80 
100 

99 
100 

99 
100 

Tlaxcalans 

Mazatecs 

Juaves 

45.4 
45.5 
45.5 
45.5 
45.5 
45.6 
45.7 
45.7 
45.8 
45.9 
46.0 

50.3 
48.1 
48.4 
48.7 
48.3 
51.1 
52.5 
49.0 
51.2 
50.7 
48.5 

40.8 
41.3 
42.4 
42.8 
43.2 
42.6 
43.3 
37.9 
42.9 
43.4 
42.7 

9.6 
6.9 
6.1 

100 

Tzendals 

Totonacs 

Chontals 

A  ztecs 

Zapotecs  (Teh.). . 

Tepehuas 

Chochos 

Mayas 

6.0 

100 
100 
100 

Zapotecs  (Mitla). 

Tara.scans 

Cuicatecs 

5.2 

8.6 

9.3 

11.2 

100 

Chols 

8.4 

100 

7.4 

100 
100 

Chinantecs 

Zoques 

5.9 

The  arm  index  is  the  proportion,  or  relation,  between  the  length  of  the  arm 
(found  V)y  sul)traeting  the  third  from  the  second  of  the  measures  on  the  list)  and  the 
stature,  the  latter  being  taken  at  100.  The  difference  between  the  extreme  indices 
44.0  and  4().0  is  not  great  ;  the  mean  of   the  indices  is  45.3,  while  the  median  is  45.4. 

58 


Frederick  Stabb 


The  mean  of  iiulit-fs  t)f  five  French  series  •^ivcn  ]<\  'rii|iiiianl  is  45.0"  ;  white  soldiers, 
measured  in  tlie  United  States  at  the  time  of  tlic  Civil  War,  gave  43.-4  ;  Iroquois 
Indians,  measured  at  the  same  time,  gave  45.1  ;  American  negroes  gave  45.2.  A 
recent  exaniinafion  uf  West  Soudan  negroes  gave  Girard  4().8^  Shoshonean  tribes 
give  44.(5'.  These  results  are  not  clear  ;  on  the  whole  they  indicate  that  our  Mexican 
Indians  have  long  arms  as  compared  with  wjiites,  American  negroes,  and  some  United 
States  Indians,  liut  sliorf  as  runiparcd  with  Stnidauese  negroes. 

TABLE    III.       FINGER-REACH    INDEX 


2:0 


100 
100 
100 

98 
100 

98 
100 

99 

99 
100 

80 
100 


Tribe 


Mixtecs  .... 
Zapotecs  (Mit.) 
Cuicatecs  . . 

Triquis 

Juavcs 

Tzotzils  .... 
Tarasonns  . . 
Chinantecs. 
Chochos  .  . . 

Otomi 

Chontals  .  . . 
Zoques 


EXTBEHES 


Mean 


102.1 
102.3 
102.4 
102.6 
102.7 
102.7 
102.8 
102.8 

ia3.o 
ia3.o 

103.1 
103.2 


Max. 


108.0 
107.4 
109.4 
108.0 
107.2 
106.7 
108.4 
109.9 
111.7 
110.1 
110.0 
108.6 


Min. 


94.4 
96.6 
94.3 
97.3 
96.3 
96.7 
9.-1.5 
93.6 
97.2 
97.3 
98.4 
96.6 


Range 


13.7 
10.9 
15.2 
10.8 
11.0 
10.1 
13.0 
16.4 
14.6 
12.9 
11.7 
12.1 


99 
99 
100 
100 
100 
99 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 


Tribe 


Tlaxcalans  . 

Mixes 

Tzendals  .... 

Aztecs 

Huaxtecs 

Zapotecs(Teh.) 

Chols 

Mazatecs 

Totonacs 

Tepehuas  ... 
Mayas 


Mean 


ia3.2 

103.3 
103.4 
103.6 
103.7 
103.8 
103.8 
104.1 
104.1 
104.5 
105.6 


Extremes 


Max.        Min 


110.6 
108.6 
109.3 
110.2 
109.0 
110.2 
109.4 
110.1 
110.0 
109.7 
111.7 


95.8 
99.9 
97 
98 
99 
94 
98 

99.7 

99.4 

99.8 

100.2 


Range 


14.9 
8.8 
11.7 
11.6 
9.6 
15.8 
11.3 
10.5 
10.7 
10.0 
11.6 


The  tinger-reacii,  or  the  measure  along  the  hoii/oiitally  outstretched  arms  from 
the  tip  of  the  middle  finger  of  one  hand  to  the  tip  of  tlir  iniddlc  tinger  of  the  other, 
is  a])])roximately  the  same  as  the  stature.  The  finger-reach  index  is  ohtainetl  by 
com[)aring  this  measure  with  the  stature,  taken  at  100.  For  series  of  South  Europi'ans 
this  index  ranges  from  ItO.'.l  to  104.4  ;  among  Livouians  and  Esthonians  it  is  lOfi.O 
and  lliT.  1.  Ill  negroes  and  Iroquois  Indians  it  rises  to  Ids  and  more.  Among  these 
Mexican  tribes  it  ranges  from  102.1  to  105.0,  which  cannot  l)e  considered  very  large. 
This  index  de])ends  upon  two  elements,  the  shoulder-width  anil  the  arm-length.  It  is 
always  less  than  the  sum  of  the  shoulder  index  and  twice  the  arm  index.  This 
reduction  is  due  to  the  fact  that,  when  the  arms  are  extended,  a  jiart  of  their  length 
is  lost  by  the  sinking  of  the  head  of  the  humerus  into  tlic  socket  at  the  shoulder- 
joint.  As  the  arms  are  rather  long,  and  the  shouldei-widt  li  rather  great,  we  should 
expect  a  more  notable  fingiT-rcach. 

Comiiaraf ively  ft'w  investigators  have  calculated  the  sitting  height  index,  and  we 
have  U)o  little   material   regarding  it,  at  hand,  for  satisfactory  comjiarison.      No  doubt 


2T0PINARD.  Elcmint*  gen.,  p.  1,078.  Thcso  means, 
calculatcii  witii  r(isp<^ct  to  tlie  actual  numbers  of  cases  in 
tho series,  are:  French,  4.'».1 ;  Mexican  Indians,  4.")..19. 


il.'Anthropoloiiic,  Vol.  XIII,  p.  178. 

*  Boas,  American  Authropoloniat,  Vol.  I.  p.  7."i7, 


59 


10 


Physical  Characters  of  Indians  of  Southern  Mexico 


TABLE    IV.       HEIGHT-SITTING    IXDE.V 


O  o 

Tribe 

MenQ 

EXTKKHE3 

RaDgo 

3  a 

Trilw 

Mean 

Extremes 

Range 

6  o 

Max. 

Min. 

Max. 

Mill. 

80 
90 

Chontals 

Zapotecs  (Teh.;. . 

51.6 
51.6 
51.7 
51.8 
51.8 
51.8 
52.0 
52.1 
52.1 
52.2 
52.3 
52.4 

55.2 
55.8 
54.5 
55.4 
53.9 
56.9 
55.4 
5G.1 
54.8 
56.9 
55.9 
55.9 

47.3 

48.2 
47.9 
47.5 
49.6 
47.9 
48.4 
48.6 
48.3 
49.0 
47.8 
48.6 

8.0 
7.7 
G.7 
8.0 
4.4 
9.1 
7.1 
7.6 
6.6 
8.0 
8.2 
7.4 

100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 

Mazatecs 

52.5 
52.5 
52.  G 
52.7 
52.7 
52.8 
53.0 
53.2 
53.2 
53.3 
53.9 

56.1 
56.2 
56.8 
57.2 
55.1 
55.9 
58.2 
53.3 
56.2 
58.8 
56.6 

49.4 
48.2 
48.6 
49.9 
40.4 
49.7 
50.4 
49.1 
50.7 
50.7 
51.4 

G.8 
8.1 

100 

Cuicatecs 

8.3 

100 

7.4 

100 

Juaves 

Tlaxcalans 

Huaxtecs 

Tepehuas 

Tzotzils 

Totonacs 

Tzendals 

5  8 

100 

Otomis. . 

6  3 

1(X) 
99 

Tarascans 

Triquis 

7.9 
9  3 

98 
100 

Mixes 

Mixtecs 

Zajjotecs  (Mitla). 
Chols 

5.6 

8.2 

100 
100 

Chinantccs 

5.3 

the  data  for  sucli  a  table  exists,  but  we  have  not  had  time  for  compiling  it.  Boas  ( loc. 
cit.),  gives  the  Shoshonean  index  at  52.2.  From  Verneau's  measurements,'  we  tinil  the 
index  for  three  tribes  of  African  negroes  to  be  48.5,  49.2,  48.2.  The  mean  of  the  indices 
in  our  table  is  52.4.  This  is  relatively  high  and  shows  that  these  tribes  have  long  trunks. 
The  impression  one  receives  from  seeing  these  people  is  that  they  have  a  great  sitting 
height,  a  condition  to  l)e  expected  among  mountain  tribes,  where  the  rarity  of  the  air 
would  seem  to  necessitate  ample  lung  capacity.  We  had  expected  to  tind  the  variation 
in  this  jiarticular  directly  related   to   altitude.      In   this   expectation   we  were   disap- 


TABLE    V. 


shoulder-width  index 


■s§ 

Tribe 

Moan 

EXTKEMES 

Range 

O  o 
C  SS 

Tribe 

Mean 

Exthemes 

Range 

d  s 

Max. 

Min. 

Max. 

Min. 

100 

Otomis  , 

Tlaxcalans 

Tzentlals 

Tarascans 

Aztecs 

Chontals 

Chols  . 

21.5 
21.8 
21.9 
21.9 
21.9 
21.9 
22.1 
22.1 
22.2 
22.2 
22.3 
22.4 

24.6 
24.5 
24.2 
24.4 
24.7 
23.8 
25.1 
24.3 
24.3 
25.4 
25.2 
24.5 

19.4 
19.6 
19.8 
19.0 
19.6 
19.2 
19.7 
19.9 
19.7 
19.7 
20.2 
20.5 

5.3 

5.0 
4.5 
5.5 
5.2 
4.7 
5.5 
4.5 
4.7 
5.8 
5.1 
4.1 

100 

98 

100 

100 

98 

100 

100 

100 

99 

KX) 

100 

Cuicatecs 

22.4 
22.6 
22.6 
22.7 
22.8 
22.8 
22.8 
22.9 
23.0 
23.1 
23.2 

24.3 
25.8 
24.6 
25.1 
25.3 
24.8 
25.1 
25.7 
25.0 
25.3 
26.1 

20.4 
20.7 
20.4 
19.7 
20.7 
20.9 
21.0 
21.3 
20.1 
21.0 
20.1 

4.0 
5.2 

KX) 
100 
100 
80 
100 

Mixtecs 

Totonacs 

Triquis 

Huaxtecs 

Tepehuas 

Mazatccs 

Zapotecs  (Teh.)... 
Mavas . 

4.3 
5.5 
4.7 
4.0 
4.2 

100 

100 

Zapotecs  (Mitla). 
Tzotzils 

4.5 
5.0 

100 

Zo(|ues 

Juaves 

Chinantccs 

4.4 

100 
100 

Chochos 

6.1 

'  Oulofs,  Leybons  et  Seyrcres,' 


L'Antkropologie,  Vol.  VI,  pp.  .510-28. 
60 


Fredebick  Stabk 


11 


])()iiil('cl.  It  is  tiiu'  tliat  till'  C'hoiitiils,  Tfhuiiiitt'|)feaii()S,  Mayas,  ami  Jiiavos,  who  live 
in  places  near  sea  level,  are  short  in  sitting  height,  thus  seeming  to  sustain  our  suppo- 
sition ;  but  the  Huaxtecs  (linguistically  related  to  the  Mayas),  who  also  live  at  a  slight 
elevation,  have  a  long  trunk.  Aztecs  and  Otomis  live  on  the  high  plateau.  l)ut  are 
near  the  lowland  tribes  in  sitting-heiirht  index. 

\Vc  were  constantly  impressed  by  the  appareiil  fine  development  of  cliest  in  many 
individuals,  and  expected  to  find  tlie  shoulder-index  large  and  varying  with  altitude. 
Tiie  actual  figures  hardly  meet  our  expectations.  Compared  with  the  indices  given  in 
Topinard  {loc.  cil..  p.  1()S2)  they  are  rather  large.  The  measurements  taken  at  the 
time  of  our  Civil  War  give  white  Americans  Is.'.t  and  I'.M):  Tnxiuois  Indians,  1.S.8,  and 
American  negroes  2\M.  All  of  these  fall  below  our  uiininium.  the  Otomis.  at  21.."). 
Boas"s  SliosJK means  ( /oc.  cH.)  gave  2.'].2,  which  agrees  with  our  maximum  for  the 
Chochos.  We  do  not  understand  Imw  tlic  C'liorhos  have  so  small  a  finger-reach  index; 
with  the  greatest  slujulder  wiilth  index  and  next  to  thf  maxiinnni  arm  index  they 
ought  to  be  close  to  the  maximum.  We  suspect  some  (>rror  here,  hut  have  sought  in 
vain  to  locate  it. 

The    cephalic    index.    uiKpiestioiiahly    tlii'    must    ipiuled    datum    in    ant  lii-npology, 

TAtil.i:    VI.        CErHALIC    INDEX 


0  a 


100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 

99 
100 
100 
1(X) 
1(X) 

!«) 
100 
100 
100 

80 
100 
100 
100 
100 
1(«) 
lf)0 
100 


Tribe 


Tzendals 

TzotziLs 

Otomis 

Aztecs 

Tarascans 

Zoques 

Triquis 

Tlaxcalans 

Chochos 

Chols 

Zapotccs  (Mitla), 
Zapotccs  (Teh.).. 

Cuicatocs 

Mixes. 

Mixtecs 

Chontals 

Mazatecs 

Chinantecs 

Tepehuas 

Huaxtecs 

Juaves 

Mayas 

Totonacs 


Mean 


76.8 
76.9 
77.6 
78.9 
79.4 
80.2 
80.3 
80.5 
80.5 
80.8 
81.0 
81.1 
81.. 3 
81.8 
81.9 
a3.2 
a3.2 
83.7 
84.0 
84.4 
84.5 
SJ.O 
R').« 


EXTREMU^ 


Mas. 


86.4 
82.7 
85.1 
86.5 
88.3 
89.5 
92.4 
87.2 
93.6 
95.7 
89.2 
89.5 
90.1 
97.5 
96.1 
93.5 
93.9 
96.4 
92.4 
95.7 
93.7 
94.6 
!).").  8 


Miri. 


68.0 
68.5 
69.5 
69.0 
71.3 
69.4 
72.6 
70.9 
74.0 
72.4 
73.5 
73.3 
72.5 
71.7 
74.5 
75.6 
74.8 
74.0 
75.2 
75,7 
74.3 
75.2 
76.5 


Ranf^o 


18.5 
14.3 
15.7 
17.6 
17.1 
20.2 
19.9 
16.4 
19.7 
23.4 
15.8 
16.3 
17.7 
25.9 
21.7 
18.0 
19.2 
22.5 
17.3 
20.1 
19.5 
19.5 
19.4 


a=i 


2 
1 
1 
1 
0 
1 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 


0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

.So 

25 

59 

19 

65 

18 

&3 

5 

56 

7 

53 

5 

47 

6 

40 

2 

42 

3 

46 

5 

.37 

3 

33 

4 

.32 

4 

31 

7 

27 

2 

30 

0 

14 

1 

21 

2 

17 

0 

9 

0 

10 

I 

17 

0 

10 

0 

8 

13 
15 
17 
.^5 
32 
35 
37 
50 
42 
48 
51 
51 
44 
48 
46 
43 
46 
45 
52 
45 
.36 
42 
31 


12 

16 

6 

9 

10 
13 
12 
■1\ 
IS 
22 
23 
.32 
;56 
.39 
45 
46 
48 
61 


61 


12 


Physical  Ch.ar.actebs  of  Indians  of  Southern  Mexico 


ranches  in  these  tribes  from  7B.8  to  85.9.  Adopting  Topinard's  nomenclature,  we  find 
no  dolichoceplialie  or  sub-dolichocej)lialic-  tribes,  five  mesatice[)lialif,  seventeen  sub- 
brachycephalic,  and  one  supra-brachycephalic.  Here  we  have  no  laek  of  material 
from  other  parts  of  the  country  for  comparison,  as  cephalic  indices  of  North  American 
Indians  have  been  published  by  many  observers.  Deniker  may  profitably  be  consulted. 
The  Eskimo  of  the  far  North  and  the  Botocudo  of  Brazil  are  true  dolichocephals ;  the 
Indians  of  the  Ignited  States  are  mostly  sub-dolichocephalic  and  mesaticephalic ; 
among  some  of  the  southern  tribes  the  index  rises.  Our  series,  however,  probably 
give  the  highest  indices  recorded,  and  the  Mayas  and  Totonacs  no  doubt  are  the 
most  brachycephalic  of  North  American  tribes.      It  will  be  noticed  that  there  is  no 

TABLE    VII.        FACIAL    INDEX 


O  a) 


100 

99 

100 

99 

100 

100 

100 

100 

80 

1(K) 

100 

100 


Tribe 


Aztecs 

Tlaxcalans  . . . . 

Tarascans 

Zapotecs  (Teh.) 

Huaxtecs 

Cuicatecs 

Chochos 

Zoques 

Chontals 

Mixtecs 

Chols 

Tzotzils 


Mean 


77.0 
78.0 
78.1 
78.7 
79.1 
79.3 
79.8 
79.9 
79.9 
80.0 
80.4 
80.6 


Extremes 


Max. 


86.5 
91.3 
87.9 
88.0 
96.7 
96.8 
95.7 
92.2 
93.7 
92.0 
90.7 
93.4 


Min. 


67.5 
68.7 
69.3 
70.5 
72.6 
68.9 
69.5 
69.5 
70.4 
70.0 
71.2 
69.0 


Range 


19.1 
22.7 
18.7 
17.6 
24.2 
28.0 
26.3 
22.8 
23.4 
22.1 
19.6 
24.5 


O  k3 


100 
100 

99 
100 
100 

99 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 


Tribe 


Mixes 

Zapotecs  (Mitla) 

Triquis   

Otomis 

Totonacs 

Juaves 

Tzendals 

Mazatecs 

Tepehuas 

Chinantecs 

Mayas  


Extremes 

Mean 

Max. 

Min. 

80.8 

94.1 

70.1 

80.8 

89.5 

68.3 

80.8 

92.3 

66.3 

81.0 

92.3 

71.7 

81.4 

94.7 

73.8 

81.5 

92.5 

74.3 

81.6 

94.5 

65.6 

81.7 

93.0 

72.2 

82.1 

93.5 

73.1 

82.2 

94.2 

73.3 

83.4 

95.0 

59.6 

Range 


24.1 
21.3 
26.1 
20.7 
21.0 
18.3 
29.0 
20.9 
20.5 
21.0 
35.5 


TABLE    VIII.       FACIAL 

INDEX   (6) 

=  ¥ 

Tribe 

Median 

Extremes 

Range 

O  c 

i'5 

Trihi- 

Median 

Extremes 

Range 

5!U 

Max. 

Min. 

Max. 

Min. 

100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 

99 
IIX) 
100 

80 
100 

Aztecs 

Tlaxcalans . . 
Tarascans  .  . 

Mixes 

Zoques 

Otomis 

Cuicatecs  .  . 
Zapotecs  (T.) 
Zapotecs!  M.) 
Tzotzils  .... 
Chontals  .  . . 
Chols 

119.5 
120.5 
121.1 
122.9 
123.2 
123.5 
123.8 
124.1 
124.3 
124.7 
124.7 
124.9 

1.35.5 
138.0 
1,35.2 
138.4 
137.5 
1.38.4 
1.38.3 
1.37.3 
1.39.0 
144.4 
1.38.4 
140.5 

98.4 
ia3.8 
103.1 
110.5 
109.0 
108.3 
104.0 
106.8 
108.6 
107.5 
108.1 
108.8 

37.2 
.34.3 
.32.2 
28.0 
28.6 
.30.2 
,34.4 
.30.6 
.30.5 
.37.0 
30.4 
.31.8 

100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
99 
100 

Juaves 

Huaxtecs  . . . 
Tepehuas . . . 
Chochos .... 
Totonacs  . . . 
Chinantecs  . 
Mixtecs  .... 
Mazatecs  .  . 
Tzendals  .  .  . 

Triquis 

Mayas 

124.9 
125.1 
125.4 
125.5 
125.6 
125.7 
125.7 
125.9 
125.9 
126.6 
130.4 

139.4 
147.5 
150.8 
141.7 
1,38.8 
146.2 
143.5 
143.2 
144.4 
143.5 
147.1 

107.0 
115.5 
103.6 
113.5 
114.0 
106.9 
108.6 
ia5.6 
104.9 
105.7 
111.5 

32.5 
32.1 
47.3 
28.3 
24.9 
39.4 

a5.o 

37.7 
.39.6 
37.9 
35.7 

62 


Frederick  Starr 


13 


agreement  in  this  respect  between  tribes  of  the  same  linguistic  family.  Mayas  and 
Huaxtecs  stand  near  the  upper  end,  while  Tzendals  and  Tzotzils,  their  linguistic 
relatives,  are  at  the  lower  end. 

We  shall  make  no  conmieiits  regarding  the  facial  indices.  The  first  is  found  by 
taking  the  height,  from  hair-line  to  chin,  at  lUU,  and  computing  tlie  proportion  of  the 
maximum  —  bizygomatic  — -  breadth.  In  the  second  the  height,  from  the  nasiou  to  the 
chin,  is  taken  at  100  and  compared  with  the  same  breadth. 


TABLE    IX.       NASAL    INDEX 


100 
100 

80 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 

99 
100 
KJO 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 


Tribe 


Juaves  

Chols 

Chontals 

Zoques 

Mayas 

Huaxtecs 

Mixes 

Totonacs 

Chinantecs 

Zapotecs  (Teh.)  . 

Cuicatecs 

Aztecs 

Tepchuas 

Mazatecs , 

Tlaxcalans 

Zapotecs  (Mitla) 

Tarascans 

Chochos 

Mixtecs  

Otomis 

Tzendals 

Tzotzils 

Triquis 


Km  HEMES 

Mean 

Range 

Max. 

Min. 

76.0 

100.0 

62.2 

.37.9 

76.4 

106.9 

58.6 

48.4 

77.2 

94.0 

61.5 

32.6 

77.4 

95.. 3 

61.1 

34.2 

77., 5 

ft3.0 

&3.3 

29.8 

78.. 3 

102.5 

57.1 

45.5 

78.8 

102.3 

56.4 

46.0 

79.1 

97.7 

60.7 

37.1 

79.6 

97.8 

59.3 

38.6 

80.0 

102.1 

64.2 

.38.0 

80.2 

100.0 

65.4 

34.7 

80.5 

104.8 

61.1 

43.8 

80.7 

97.7 

63.0 

34.8 

80.8 

102.0 

G1.4 

40.7 

81.6 

109.3 

6.3.3 

46.1 

81.9 

102.3 

65.3 

37.1 

82.6 

102.4 

67.7 

34.8 

82.6 

102.3 

60.0 

42.4 

a3.i 

97.9 

67.2 

.30.8 

a3.i 

104.5 

66.0 

.38.6 

&3.8 

102.2 

64. 1 

.38.2 

84.8 

104.5 

&3.4 

41.'] 

86. 5 

107.5 

67.2 

40.4 

20 
22 
8 
16 
12 
9 
12 
7 
9 
9 
5 
6 
3 
6 
9 
3 
4 
4 
7 
4 
4 
6 
3 


c  a  JL 

.S  — ° 
3'-'- 


71 
64 
61 
69 
73 
73 
70 
72 
68 
65 
70 
72 
72 
61 
56 
64 
60 
62 
65 
55 
51 
43 
37 


9 
14 
11 
15 
15 
18 
18 
21 
23 
25 
25 
22 
25 
33 
35 
33 
36 
34 
28 
41 
45 
51 
59 


The  nasal  index  is  of  the  greatest  interest.  Tlie  actual  form  of  the  nose  among 
these  tribt^s  varies  greatly,  as  will  be  evident  from  study  of  tlie  tribal  descriptions. 
Many  of  the  tribes  have  finely  aquiline  noses,  wliii-h  range  from  tlie  Imge.  jnciniinent. 
and  relatively  thin  nose  of  the  Juaves,  to  the  small,  fiat,  antl  broad  nose  of  the  Tri(juis. 
None  of  the  tril.)es  is  leptorhiniaii,  and  only  among  the  Juaves  and  tlie  ("hols  do  we 
find  as  many  as  one-fifth  of  the  individual  cases  in  that  category.  ( >n  the  other  hand, 
only  one  single  mean  index  places  its  tribe  —  the  Triiniis    -  among  tlie  plat\rhinians, 

and  onlv  fiftv-ni lit  oi  tlie  ninety-nine  subjects  are  so.      The  rest    of  the  tribes  are 

mesorhiniiin.      iJeiiiker  gives  the  nasal  indices   of  l)ut  few  American  trilu's,  ami  those 

63 


14 


Physical  Characteks  of  Indians  of  Southebn  Mexico 


1  Ui.  1.    uTu.Ml;    IlllXQL'lLUKAN.  STATK  OF  .Mi:\I(i) 

are  all  niesorhiiiian.      Boas's  Sliushoiifaiis  at  S;l.l  (•(lincidc  willi  (lie  ilixtecs.  aTiil  cdiiic 
between  the  Clioelios  and  Otoiiiis. 

We  now  turn  to  tlie  data  relative   to  each   tribe:   thi»   tribes  are  taken   n\>  in   the 
order  in  which  thev  were  visited,  and  iuwliicli  they  ar<'  innnbcrcMl  upon  tlie  skftch-nui]). 


THE  OTOMIS 

The  Otomis  are  of  little  stature,  only  one  subject  deservin^j  the  characterization 
"tall;"  they  are  mesaticephalic,  and  have  absolutely  the  longest  heads  of  all  the  tribes 
visited;  the  nasal  index,  at  fS;5.(),  marks  them  as  mesorliinian,  althonnh  many  indi- 
vidual cases  are  platyrhinian ;  the  shoulder-width  index  is  the  least  observed. 

To  the  eye  there  appear  to  l)e  two  well-marki'd  types  of  males.  The  first  is  taller. 
lighter,  broader-nosed  than  the  other,  and  has  eyes  that  are  widely  sej)arated  and 
often  ol)lique.  The  broad  nose  may  be  wide  and  flat  at  the  tip,  or  it  may  be  what  we 
have  tU'signated  '•  beaked "-- with  the  ridge  extending  down  beyond  the  ahe  as  a 
central,  hooked,  body,  from  wliich  the  alas  o|)en  out  rather  broadly.  While  the  nose 
is  wide  and  low,  it  is  often  aijuiline;  at  tin'  root  it  is  fiat-convex  or  squarisli.  The 
beai'd  on  the  upper  cheeks  is  scanty,  lacking  altogether  on  the  lower  dieeks,  is  scanty 
on  th(>  cliin.  and  medium  on  the  upper  lip.      As  is  frequently  the  case  among  ^Mexican 

t;4 


Frederick  Starr 


15 


|i,   L       OTO.MI  WOMW      HllXi^ril.rK  \N    sT\TKOI'  .MKMIO 


T.\BLE    X. 


OTO.MIi- 


Mek  (100) 

Women  (28) 

Mcau 

Max. 

Mill. 

Mean 

Max. 

Min. 

Stature 

1,579.7 
1,.315.2 

602.2 

1.629.0 

819.7 

.33S.3 

189.7 

147.2 

176.1 

114.1 

140.7 

.50.0 

41.6 

64.1 

45.0 

ia3.o 

.51.8 
21.5 
77.6 
81.0 

1,718 

1,4.38 

681 

1,776 

896 

.380 

21  n 

160 

I'.M! 

124 

1.50 

58 

48 

76 

1.421        1     1.4.55.7             1.528 

1,.324 

HiMt;ht  of  shoulder 

Tij>  of  .sc«)nd  Knj,'('r  . .  . 

Kinirir  reach 

Hriuht.  f-iltini; 

Width  of  shoulders 

Loiifxtli  of  hrati 

Breadth  of  head 

Height  of  faceirti  

Hei^iht  of  faf'e  (6) 

Bread  til  of  face 

Heiijht  of  n<i.se 

Breadth  of  nose 

Length  of  ear 

1.165 

.527 

1,419 

752 

.303 

180 

i:56 

1.54 

104 

1.30 

43 

.34 

53 

1.202.3 

.550.8 

1,481.4 

774.1 

.322.7 

181.7 

144.6 

164.2 

105.8 

1.35.1 

43.6 

38.4 

60.1 

1,278 

612 

1.5,59 

827 

.355 

190 

1.52 

178 

115 

144 

.50 

46 

67 

1.079 
486 

l.:i5i 

698 

296 

173 

1.32 

141 

90 

127 

.38 

.32 

54 

Arm  index 

Fint'er-reach  index 

Sitting;  heitrht  index 

Shoidder  inde.x 

Cephalic  index 

49.6 
110.1 
.5<i.9 
24.6 
85.1 
92.3 

40.8 
97.3 
47.9 
19.4 
(>9.5 
71.7 

417 
1(11.7 
.\t.l 
22.1 
79.0 
78.3 

47.8 
105.3 
.56.9 
2:1.7 
86.2 
86.4 

41.9 
96.7 
.50.9 
20.2 
69.7 
68  1 

Facial  index  lit) 

Nasal  index 

12.3.5             1.3S.4 
a3.1       1       104.5 

108. .3               127.6               1:K).8 
(i<i.O                 88.2               117.9 

119.1 
73.9 

65 


16  Physical  Characters  of  Indians  of  Southern  Mexico 


FIG,  .;.    TAKASCAN  iVUU.NU  TYPE::  .SANTA  FE  DE  LA  LAGUNA.  STATE  OF  MICUOACAN 

tribes,  tho  l)eard  among  the  Otomis  shows  greater  variation  in  form  or  texture,  in 
color,  and  in  turning  gray,  than  the  hair  of  the  head.  Both,  however,  show  much 
variation:  in  more  than  30  per  cent,  of  the  subjects  the  beard  varies  from  tlie  normal 
straight  and  black  condition;  in  something  over  20  per  cent,  of  subjects  the  hair  of 
the  head  varies.  The  head  is  long.  The  skin  is  a  light  yellow  or  whitish,  curiously 
ruddy,  and  blotched  with  red,  purple,  or  blue.  The  face  is  flat  and  broad. —  The  other 
type  is  little,  dark  brown  (16),  and  has  a  much  more  agreeable  facial  expression;  the 
eyes  are  less  widely-spaced,  and  the  eyebrows  often  meet;  the  root  of  the  nose  is  flat, 
depressed,  and  often  squarish ;  the  nose  is  narrower  and  better-shaped  than  in  the 
previous  type.      The  individual  represented  in  the  cut  belongs  to  this  little  type. 

Women  are  more  uniform,  and,  on  the  whole,  are  darker  than  the  men.  They 
more  resemble  the  second  than  the  first  male  type.  They  are  little;  from  yellow- 
brovra  to  dark  brown  (16) ;  the  face  is  flat,  the  nose  broad  and  flat,  the  cheek-bones  wide, 
and  tlie  heads  absolutely  long.  The  head-hair  grows  low  upnn  tlie  forehead,  and  the 
forehead  itself  is  frequently  gnnvn  with  a  fine  black  down;  the  eyebrows  often  meet. 
The  heads  of  the  women,  anil  of  the  little  m(>n.  are  peculiarly  high  —  as  well  as  long 
—  though  this  appearance  is  increased  in  iiieii  hy  the  inndc  of  cutting  the  liair.  (The 
hair  on  the  upper  third  of  the  head  is  left  uncut  while  the  rest  is  trimuuHl.  I  Eighteen 
women  who  had  l)een  mothers  had  had  one  liundred  and  twenty-one  children. 

GO 


Frederick  Starr 


17 


KIU.  I.    TARASCAN  GIUL:  .s\NT\   1I-:  UK  L\   LM.l  \  \.  ST\TI-;  OK  MICHOACAN 


THE  TARASCANS 

The  Tarascans  are  amon<ij  tlir  taller  of  these  tribes,  less  tliaii  half,  forty-nine,  being 
of  little  stature:  only  two  suhjccts,  however,  were  tall.  Though  taller  than  their  neigh- 
bors, the  Otoniis.  their  heads  are  shorter.  Among  the  men  we  may  distinguish  a  well- 
defined  youthful,  and  an  (Miualls-  di'liiiite  nldrr.  tyjic.  In  llie  ynutlit'id  ty|ii',  which 
holds  until  thirty  or  thiity-tive  years,  and  which  iiuijj  persist  through  life,  the  skin  is 
of  ft  tine,  dark.  i)rown  [W>);  the  face  is  large;  the  nose  is  bi'oad,  with  round  nostrils, 
which  open  to  the  sides,  and  which  are  separated  from  the  face  level,  behind,  by  a 
wcll-dclincd  ridge  of  tlesh :  the  e\('s  arc  often  mongoloid;  the  lijis  arc  thick  and 
protrude  somewhat;  there  is  little  of  the  tine,  black,  forehead  dnwu.  even  in  children. 
Tn  the  older  tvpi'  the  face  lengthens;  tlie  nos(>  becomes  narrower;  the  nostrils  face 
diiwnwai'il,  and  the  ridge  of  flesh  behind  llicm  disappears;   llic  eyes  straighten. 

The  hair  is  straight  and  black,  but  two  cases  showing  any  degnn'  of  graying;  one- 
fourth  of  the  c-nses  show  a  slight  tendency  to  waviness.  The  eyes  are  generally  well 
separated.  TIk'  beard  distribution  is  remarkably  unil'Drm.  It  is  scanty  and  of 
moderate  length  njinn  the  nppc'r  cheeks;  there  is  none  or  little  on  the  h>wer  cheeks, 
and  when  there  is  an\-  it  is  well  fi)rward;  on  the  tip  <il'  the  chin  there  is  a  mediinn  or 
scanty  short  growth;   the   moustache    is   scanty  <ir   medium,  and   of   moderate    h'ugth. 

07 


18 


Phy.sical  Char.\cters  of  Indians  of  Southern  Mexico 


The  ear  is  well-shaped,  and  stands  off  somewhat  from  tlie  head;  the  border  of  the 
helix  is  thin  and,  above,  is  rolled  inward,  below  is  flat;  the  lobe  is  rather  large, 
attached,  and  round-triangular. 

Twenty-one  women  have  had  one  hundred  and  fifty-two  children,  of  whom  one 
hundred  and  one  have  died.  Families  are  quite  frequently  large;  the  largest  included 
in  this  enumeration  consisted  of  thirteen  children.  Women  are  frequently  fat. 
Goitre  occurs  to  a  considerable  extent.  In  Uruapan  only  those  living  in  the  ward  of 
San  Juan  are  affected.  We  examined  six  cases  there,  of  whom  three  were  males  and 
thi-ee  females.  Three  of  these  cases  were  deaf  and  two  were  imbecile;  one  female 
examined,  who  was  sixty  years  of  age  and  unmarried,  has  two  brothers  —  whom  we  did 
not  see  —  of  whom  one  is  a  deaf-mute,  the  other  is  goitrous.  At  Cap^cuaro,  a  quite 
purely  Tarascan  town,  the  disease  is  common.  It  seemed  as  if  every  man  we  met  was 
more  or  less  affected;  some  of  the  cases  wei-e  notably  developed. 

TABLE    XI.       TARASCAN 


Men  (100) 

Women  (!>5) 

Mean 

Max. 

Min.          1         Mean 

Max. 

Min. 

Stature  

Height  of  shoulder 

Tip  of  second  tinger 

Finger-reach 

1,600.4 

1,.327.6 

603.9 

1,645.8 

833.5 

.3.51.7 

184.3 

146.5 

178.2 

115.0 

139.1 

48.0 

40.1 

63.3 

1,718 

1,429 

660 

1,794 

9a3 

.392 

199 

158 

199 

128 

151 

59 

46 

74 

1,450 

i,2a3 

494 
1,525 
739 
319 
169 
138 
158 
102 
128 
41 

a3 

53 

1,481.8 

1,223.9 

566.2 

1,519.9 

790.8 

.324.3 

179.5 

142.2 

169.6 

107.8 

ia3.7 

43.4 

37.0 

61.4 

1,602 

1,.326 

642 

1,664 

1/»1 

1,110 

495 

1.431 

Height,  sitting 

860         ,'           727 

Width  of  shoulders 

,351 

190 

149 

181 

117 

143 

48 

43 

71 

294 
170 

Breadth  of  head 

Height  of  face  (a 

Height  of  face  {b; 

Breadth  of  face     

134 

l.-)4 

99 

128 

Heii'ht  of  nose 

.39 

.32 

.55 

45.1       1         48.8 

39.2 
95.5 
48.4 
19.0 
71.3 
69.3 
103.1 
67.7 

44.3 
102.2 
53.3 
21.8 
79.2 
78.9 
124.1 
85.1 

46.0 
108.2 
55.8 
23.6 
84.3 
88.5 
1.32.0 
95.3 

42.3 

Finger-reach  index 

Sitting-height  index, 

102.8 
52.0 
21.9 
79.4 
78.1 

121.1 
82.6 

108.4 
.55.4 
24.4 
88.3 
87.9 
1.35.2 
102.4 

92.1 
.50.6 
20.0 

Cephalic  index 

75.7 

Facial  index  (a) 

Facial  index  [b] 

Nasal  index 

72.3 

116.2 

73.0 

THE  TLAXC ALANS 

111  stature  the  Tlaxcalans  are  only  surpassed  by  the  Zaixitecs  of  Tehuantej >fc  and 
twenty-one  out  of  the  hundred  are  above  the  mean  statun;  of  mankind.  The  head  is 
well  shaped  although,  frequently,  there  is  a  curious  bulging  of  the  forehead  above  the 
glabella.  In  skull-form  they  are  intermediate,  forty-two  subjects  being  mesaticeplialic 
and  fifty  sub-brachycephalic.  The  skin  color  is  a  fine  dark-tirowii  ( IC) ),  shading  at 
times    toward    vellow-lirown    or    red-brown.      The    hair    is    black    and    straight;    few 


Frederick  Starr 


19 


FIU. 


TLAXCALAN:    TLAXC.U.A,  STATi;  OF  TLAXCALA 


subjects  —  only  six — were  distinctly  gray  and  only  one  of  these  was  white;  seven- 
teen showed  a  slight  tendency  to  waviness  oi-  curliness;  middle-aged  men  rather 
frequently  showed  thinning  of  hair  on  top  of  head  and  some  degree  of  temporal  bald- 
ness. Tlie  beard  formula  is  none  (or  scanty  I.  none  or  scanty  and  W(>11  forward  on  the 
cheeks,  medium  (or  scanty)  on  tip  and  central  line  of  chin;  moustaclie  ratlier  full  and 
often  of  fair  lenijth.  The  beard  on  the  chin  is  first  t(j  turn  gray,  then  that  on  the 
lower  cheeks:  these  may  be  quite  gray  before  the  moustache  begins  to  turn;  the  beard 
as  a  whole  mav  be  gray  or  even  white,  before  the  hair  of  the  head  is  sprinkled  with 
gray.  While  the  hair  itself  is  usually  straight,  the  beard  hair  is  often  inclined  to 
become  curly.  The  eyes  are  dark  brown,  but  moderately  spaced,  and  rarfli/  mon- 
goloid; there  is  unusually  fre(iucncy  of  lighter  brown  eyes,  Ki  ])er  cent.  Tiie  line  of 
union  between  the  nose  and  the  forehead  is  rather  high  and  from  narrow  to  medium; 
the  root  of  the  nose  is  little  depressed;  the  nose  itself  is  aquiline,  frequently;  the 
beaked  nose,  already  described,  is  rather  common.  The  lips  are  thin  or  of  medium 
thickness  and  are  nearly  vertical.  The  ears  rarely  project  to  a  notable  degree  from 
the  head,  and  are,  often,  (juite  close  to  the  lu-ad ;  they  are  round;  the  ujiper  border  of 
the  iielix  is  tliin  and  rnllcd  in:  tlie  lower  part  of  tln'  border  is  flat  and  of  medium 
tlnckness;  the  lobe  is  of  f.air  size,  round,  an<l  attai-hed. 

Women  present  little  that  calls  for  comment.     Their  eyes,  like  those  of  tin-  men. 


20 


Physuwl  Ch.\k.acters  of  Indi.^ns  of  Southern  Mexico 


\ 


f 


-^ 


FIG.  6.    AZTEC:    rU.MllTLAXTZJXCO,  ST.VTE  OF   Pl'EBLA 


TABLE    XII. 


TLAXCALANS 


Men  (100) 

Women  (25) 

Mean 

Max. 

Min. 

Mean 

Max. 

Min. 

1,603.4 

1,787 

1,493 
1,223 

l,4a3.6 

1,571 

1.413 

Height  of  shoulder 

1,:!29.5 

1.5U3 

1,225.2 

1,276 

1,168 

Tip  of  second  linger 

600.7 

696 

519 

56:^.9 

610 

527 

Finger-reach 

1,656.0 

1.977 

1.538 

1,507.0 

1.612 

1,400 

Height,  sitting 

845.5 

910 

774 

789.5 

8.39 

722 

Width  of  shoulders 

350.6 

400 

309 

323.5 

353 

299 

Length  of  head 

185.2 

210 

175 

179.3 

187 

172 

Breadth  of  head 

149.1 

ia3 

1.37 

143.5 

153 

1.35 

Height  of  face  (a) 

179.7 

205 

161 

ltkS.4 

184 

151 

Height  of  face  ib) 

116.3 

129 

105 

las.  5 

118 

102 

140.1 
49.4 
40.1 

154 
60 
47 

125 
43 
34 

130.5 
43.8 
35.6 

1.39 
51 
.39 

12.3 

Height  of  nose 

:» 

Breadth  of  nose 

.32 

65.1 

(O 

56 

59.8 

68 

54 

Arm  index 

45.4 

103.2 

50.3 
110.6 

40.8 
95.8 

44.5 
101.6 

47.9 

108.4 

42.5 

Finger-reaeh  index 

94.6 

Sitting  lieight  index 

52.7 

55.1 

49.4 

53.2 

55.0 

50.8 

Shoulder  index 

21.8 
80.5 

24.5 
87.2 

19.6 
70.9 

21.7 
79.9 

23.8 

84.5 

20.3 

Cephalic  index 

75.4 

Facial  inde.K(a)   .  . 

78.0 
120.5 

91.3 
138.0 

68.7 
103.8 

77.2 
120.3 

a3.7 

131.0 

68.4 

Facial  index  (6) 

107.8 

Nasal  index  

81.6 

109.3 

&3.3 

81.3 

90.4 

68.6 

70 


Frederick  Stakk 


21 


■1 

FIO.  1.     AZTKC   WOMAN:   CllAl'llTLANTZINCO,  STATK  OF   riKUI.l 

are  rather  often  V)ro\vn,  and  not  almost   l)lack;  tins  occurred  in  20  ]>er  cent,  of  cases. 
Nineteen  mf)t]iers  had  home  one  hundred  and  sixteen  children,  of  whom  just  half  had 


'riic  largest  fan 


1 1 1  \-  1  n 


tlic  series  was  of  ei<rhteen  children.    Two  women  were  Imri'en. 


THE   AZTECS 

Tlie  A/.tecs  e.\amine(l  were,  unfortunately,  from  close  hy  Tiaxeala.  ( 'iiaulil  lant- 
zinco  is  a  "made  town,"  of  j)ost-con(iuest  origin.  Its  |i(i|jidat  ion  was  dinwii  I'loin 
Cholula  and  Tiaxeala.  There  should  then  he  little  diiference  hi'tween  our  Tlaxcalan 
and  Aztec  series;  real  differences  would  point  to  a  ti'ue  Aztec  tyjx'.  lying  on  the  other 
side  of  the  ohservation   from  the  Tlaxcalan. 


.Stiituri' 
Aztec  15iK).2 

Tiaxeala    l(i()8.4 


.\rm         FinK<;r-rt'acli     Sittin(7-t"'i(;tit     Slumliicr       ('pi't'Jilit' 

45.7  1(l.'?.(!  51 .8  21. i»  80.5 

45.4  l(i:i.-J  52.7  21.8  78.9 


78. 


('.)  Niisiil 

ll'.t.5  80.5 

120.5  81.6 


The  siginticani  \ariations  are  in  stature,  sitting-height  index,  cephalic  index,  ami 
nasal  index.  The  Tlaxcalans  are  talU'r,  mori'  d(ilichocej>halic,  and  hroader-nosed  tiiari 
the  ("lioinltec-'i'laxcalans  of  ("uauhtiantzinco.  Presumal>iy  a  purer  Aztec  ty[)e  woukl 
he  slioi'ler.  more  liriK'hycepiiuiic-,  iind  nuiTower-nosed. 

The  same  remarks  cimrerning  hair  color,  form,  and  distrihution  —  already  nnide 
regarding  Tlaxcalans  appiv  tn  the  ..Vztecs.      I'^ifteen  per  cent,  of  eyes  among  men  were 

71 


22 


Physical  Characters  of  Indians  of  Southern  Mexico 


lighter  than  normal,  8  per  cent,  amoiii^  women.  One  case  of  straliismus  and  ono  of 
t'atarai't  occurred  among  the  hundred  suljjects.  The  line  of  union  between  the  nose 
and  forehead  was  high  and  of  medium  hreadth:  the  tip  of  the  nose  was  ratlu'r  thick. 
The  lips  were  often  thick  and  somewhat  projecting.  Ears  rarely  j)roject  notably,  but 
the  lower  part  of  the  ear  often  stands  off  somewhat.  The  helix  border  is  thin  and 
rolled-in  above,  thick  and  tlat  below;  the  lobe  is  rather  large,  attached,  and  round — 
tending  to  square  or  triangular. 

To  twenty-four  mothers  one  hundred  and  forty  children  were  born,  of  whom  only 
sixty  had  survived;  one  woman  was  barren.  Three  women  out  of  the  twenty-five 
were  stout. 

TABLE    XIIL       AZTECS 


Men  (100) 

Women  (23) 

Mean 

Max.                    Mill. 

Mean 

Max. 

Min. 

Stature      

1,590.2 

1,318.8 

591.3 

1,648.9 

825.8 

350.0 

185.7 

146.5 

179.5 

115.6 

138.1 

50.0 

40.0 

&3.9 

1,776         '        1  465 

1,461.8 
1,211.8 
.558.7 
l.,5a3.2 
762.2 
325.1 
179.1 
142.8 
171.0 
107.0 
1.-^1  9 

1,527 

1,271 

601 

1,587 

824 

.357 

185 

156 

187 

119 

145 

54 

43 

67 

1339 

Height  of  shoulder 

Tip  of  second  linger . . 
Fingerreach  

1.498 
696 

1,797 
887 
390 
200 
158 
200 
1.33 
151 

1.209 
508 

1,485 
754 
304 
174 
134 
162 
101 
TU 

1,118 
495 

1..3&3 
704 

Width  of  shoulders 

Length  of   head 

Breadth  of  head 

Height  of  face  (a) .'. . 

Height  of  face  (6) 

Breadth  of  face. 

299 
171 
1.33 
159 
98 
123 

Height  of  no.se 

60                    41                  45  4 

.39 

Breadth  of  nose 

Length  of  ear 

47                    .33 
77                    54 

.36.4 
61.0 

.34 

55 

Arm  index 

Fingerreach  index 

Sitting  height  index... 

Shoulder  index 

Cephalic   index 

Facial  index  (a) 

Facial  index  (h) 

45.7 

ias.5 

51.8 
21.9 
78.9 
77.0 
119.5 
80.5 

52.5 
110.2 
.55.4 
24.7 
86.5 
86.5 
135.5 

43.3 
98.7 
47.5 
19.6 
69.0 
67.5 
98  4 

44.6 
102.4 
,-)2.1 
22.1 
79.4 
76.7 
122.5 
80.0 

47.4 

•    107.1 
,55.0 
24.1 

87.7 

a3.6 

134.2 
95.5 

41.0 
90.1 
.50.2 
20.1 
72.2 
70.0 
110  0 

Nasal  index 

104.8 

61.1 

68.0 

THE    MIXTECS 

The  Mixtecs  are  of  little  stature,  mesati-  to  sub-brachycephalic  and  mesorhinian. 
The  hair  is  straight,  black,  and  abundant.  Five  cases  were  gray;  thirteen  were 
sprinkled  with  gray ;  one  was  brown ;  nine  showed  a  tendency  to  waviness  and  six  to 
curliness.  The  forehead  is  high,  Imt  the  ap])arent  height  is  frecpicntly  ilue,  in  [lart, 
to  forward  baldness.  The  beard  was  gray  in  twelve  cases,  sprinkled  with  gray  in 
eleven,  and  relatively  light-colored  in  three.  The  distribution  of  the  lieard  was;  none 
to  scanty,  none  or  scanty  to  medium,  medium;  medium  to  full.  The  beard  on  the 
chin  was  often  confined  to  the  very  tip.  There  were  sixteen  subjects  with  brown  eyes ; 
obliquity  of  the  eyes,  in  any  degree,  was  observed  but  six  times.     Th{>  line  of  union 

72 


Frederick  Starr 


23 


nil,--.     MIXTKi,    \(11M|(  DNO,  .STAT?;   OF   OAXACA 


TABLE   Xn 

.       MIXTECb 

Men-  (inoi 

WoMF.x  1  :.'■.' 

Mean 

Mfix. 

Mill. 

Mean 

Max. 

Min. 

Stature 

1,561.3 

1,291.0 

586.8 

1,595.2 

815.7 

353.7 

182.5 

149.4 

178.4 

113.5 

142.5 

49.9 

40.6 

&3.9 

1,755 

i,:m 

658 

1,790 

895 

.388 

liHi 

162 

2(X) 

127 

154 

59 

18 

1,421 

1,179 

526 

1,.342 

7.32 

318 

156 

l.T) 

157 

101 

l.-K) 

41 

.'I") 

."i7 

1,467.9 

1.206.6 

543.5 

1,493.5 

774.2 

329.5 

179.5 

143.9 

164.0 

icr).3 

1.T).7 

41.9 

37.1 

61.3 

1,580 

1,301 

594 

1,588 

853 

.359 

190 

155 

180 

118 

142 

50 

43 

75 

1,367 

Height  of  shoultltT 

Tip  of  second  linger 

Fintror-reach 

Hf'i<rht,fiittini,' 

1,131 
4ft3 

1,403 
716 

Width  of  shoulders 

lji'n;;lh  of  head 

IJnadth  of  head 

Heijjht  of  fai-e  («) 

HeiKht  of  face  (h) 

linadtli  of  face 

IIcii.'lU  of  nose  

IJreailth  of  nose 

298 
171 
1.35 

i:i9 

93 
128 
40 
.34 
56 

Ami    index 

44.8 

102.1 

52.2 

22.6 

47.7 

108.0 

56.9 

24  6 

38.0 
94.4 
49.0 
20.4 
74.5 

45.1              47  7 

43.0 

Fintjer  reach  index 

Hitting  hcitilit  index.... 
ShouUler  index      

101.7 
52.7 
22.4 
80.2 
82.8 

i(x;.2 

.58.9 
23.6 

97.2 
49.5 
20.7 

Cephalic-  index 

81.9              !M!.l 

85.9                75.5 

80.0              92.0        1        70.0 
125.7      ,       143.5              108.6 

97.1                73.3 

Facial  inde.v  {h) 

129.3      '       148.3              114.4 

Nasal  index 

a3.1              97.9                67.2                  82.7              97.6                65.9 

73 


24 


Physical  Characters  of  Indians  of  Rocthern  Mexico 


% 


} 


FIG.  9.    TRIQUI;  CHICAHITAXTLA,  STATE  OF  OAXACA 


between  the  nose  and  the  forehead  varies  from  high  to  medium  and  is  of  medium 
width;  while  the  nose  is  frequently  aquiline,  tlie  tip  is  wide  and  flat.  The  lips  are 
moderately  thick  and  project  somewhat.  The  ears  are  round  and  close  to  the  head, 
though  they  tend  to  stand  off  considerably  below.  Tin-  helix  border  is  thin  and 
slightly  turned-in  above,  rather  thick  and  flat  below;  the  lobe  is  large,  round,  and 
attached.  The  face  is  often  absolutely  lai-ge  and  is  broad  and  heavy  below.  The 
color  of  the  skin  is  dark  brown  —  from  13  to  1(k 

In  women  there  is,  quite  often,  a  growth  of  fine,  black  down  upon  the  forehead. 
Twenty-two  women  had  had  one  hundred  and  twenty-two  children,  of  whom  seventy- 
seven  still  lived.     Two  women  were  unmarried  and  one  was  barren. 


THE   TRIQUIS 

The  Triquis  present  one  of  the  best  marked  types  of  Southern  Mexico.  They  are 
next  to  the  shorti'st  among  the  tribes  examined,  are  mesati-  to  sub-brachycephalic  and 
have  the  highest  nasal  index  oliserved  -Sf).5.  They  are  well-l)uilt  and  finely  niuscli'd. 
The  liair  is  black  and  straight,  only  fifteen  persons  showing  graying  or  light  color  and 
but  five  showing  any  tendency  to  waviness  or  curling.  The  beard  a])pears  late,  men 
of  thirty  often  having  almost  none.      On   the   upi)ei-  cheeks  there  is  none  or  scanty,  on 

7i 


Frederick  8t.\kr 


25 


Kid,  m.    TKIyUl   W(JM.\N:  rillCVHf-VXTL A    ST\rK  OF  O.VX.UW 


TABLE    XV.       TBiyUIS 


Men  (99) 

\\'oMi;\  iL'."ii 

. 

Mean 

Max. 

Min. 

Mean 

Max. 

Mill. 

stature  

1,551.4 

1,281.2 

578 . 6 

1,592.4 

802.1 

.355.7 

ia3.6 

147.5 

172.5 

110.1 

140.6 

47.7 

41.1 

62.0 

1,679 
1.429 

a'lt; 

1.728 

881 

40.3 

198 

167 

197 

129 

151 

58 

49 

73 

1,.351 
1,097 
466 
1.4.34 
691 
312 
163 

i:i5 

154 

97 

128 
10 

;i3 

54 

1,425.3 
1,172.3 
5.35.6 
1,464.0 
756.4 
.319.9 
179.4 
142.0 
162.9 
104.1 

i:i2.5 

42.8 
3S . :! 

.')><  2 

1,557 

1,284 

675 

1,.597 

a34 

.■Ml 

199 

1.55 

179 

112 

144 

49 

44 

64 

1,316 

Height  of  .shoulder 

Tip  of  second  Hnger 

FinKer  reach 

Heitrht.  sitting 

i.08:i 

451 

i.;i25 

(•)92 

Width  of  shoulders 

Length  (if  head 

Breadth  of  head 

Heiglit  of  face  (o) 

lli'ighl  cjf  fac^o  (/() 

291 
1(!4 
i;!5 
150 
94 
125 

Height  of  no.se 

.36 

.34 

47 

45.2 
102.6 
.52.1 
22.8 
80.3 
80.8 
126.6 
86.5 

46.7 

108.0 

56.1 

25.3 

92.4 

92.3 

143.5 

107.5 

40.2 
97.3 
48.6 
20.7 
72.6 
66.3 
105.7 
67.2 

44.6 
101.8 
.5.3.0 
22.4 
79.2 
81.4 
127.5 
89.7 

47.8 

106.5 

55.4 

24.5 

89.6 

88.1 

137.2 

110.2 

.37.9 

Pinger-reneh  index 

Sitting  height  index 

88.7 
48.9 
20.4 

71.3 

Kaeial  index  (tt) 

73.1 

116.9 

76.6 

75 


26  Physical  Characters  op  Indians  of  Sotthern  Mexico 


FIG.  U.  ZAPOTEC:  TLACOLULA.  STATE  OF  OAXACA 


the  lower  cheeks  none  in  seventy-one  cases,  on  the  chin  it  is  scanty  to  medium;  the 
moustache  is  of  medium  growth.  The  eyes  are  dark  Iji-own  and  are  truly  mongoloid 
in  one-half  the  subjects.  The  nose  varies  little;  it  is  finely  aquiline,  but  is  low  and.  at 
the  tip,  flat  and  wide;  the  line  of  junction  with  the  forehead  is  rather  high.  The 
lips  are  frequently  thick,  but  do  not  project  much,  as  the  thickness  is  largely  vertical. 
The  forehead  is  quite  high,  and  in  women  is  likely  to  be  covered  with  fine  black 
down.  The  legs  of  men  are  apt  to  be  notably  hairy.  The  skin  is  dark  brown  ( !(')), 
and  is  smooth  and  soft.  The  ol)lique  eyes  and  some  degree  of  projection  of  the  lips 
are  more  marked  in  young  than  in  older  subjects.  The  round  ears  are  quite  closely 
set  to  the  liead:  the  border  of  the  helix  above  is  thin  and  roUed-in  or  flat,  below  it  is 
flat  and  thick  to  thin;  the  lobe  is  relatively  large,  attached,  and  round — varying  to 
square  or  triangular. 

In  women  the  nose  is  less  frequently  aquiline  and  is  often  short  and  fat  at  the 
tip.  The  lips  are  thick  and,  often,  project.  Prognathism,  in  part  due  to  large  front 
teeth,  appears  rather  commonly  among  them.  Twenty-two  mothers  had  borne  one 
hundred  and  eleven  children,  of  whom  sixty-five  have  died.  One  woman  was 
barren. 

The  hair  rarely  turns  gray  or  grows  thin  before  the  age  of  fifty  years.  Old 
persons  app<>ar  fairly  preserved.      This  is   the   more  sur])rising  as  the  tribe  is  tt'rribly 

7tJ 


Frederick  Starr 


27 


FKi.  IL'.     y.Al'OTKC  WOMW:    MITLA.  STATK  OF  OAXACV 

addicted  tf)  druiikeiiiifss.  We  incline  to  attribute  this  abuse  of  intoxicants  to  climatic 
coiulitions.  Cold  and  heavy  fogs  sweep  u])  the  mountains  from  the  coast  daily  and 
Iheir  chill  penetrates  to  the  very  bone.  Wherever,  in  the  lii^cli  mountains,  fogs  are 
abundant  and  precipitation  occurs  almost  constantly,  we  tind  the  same  conditions. 
The  Mixes  and  the  Chinantecs,  in  their  magnificent,  forest-clad,  abundantly-watered 
mountains,  are  almost  equally  addicted  to  drink. 


THE   ZAPOTECS 

The  population  of  Mitia  is  oi-dinai'ily  coiisidind  Mixtec-Zapotec,  rather  than 
truly  Zapotec.  If  the  Zapotecs  of  Tehuantepec  are  typical,  these  of  Mitla  certainly 
occupy  an  intermediate  position  between  them  and  the  Mixtecs.  The  t|)ye  is  not  well- 
defined.  The  average  stature,  15*^0.4,  places  them  in  the  category  of  "  little  statures;" 
the  iinger-reach  is  i-ather  low;  the  ccplialic  index  is  snb-bracliycephalic ;  the  nose  is 
me.sorhinian.  The  hair  is  black,  but  it  varies  in  form  toward  wavy  or  curly  in  one 
case  out  of  four.  There  is  no  Ijeard  on  the  up])er  clu'cks  in  (lO  per  cent.,  none  on  the 
lower  in  O'J  per  cent.,  of  cases;  there  is  a  medium  bi-ard  gi-owth  on  the  tip  of  the 
chin;  the  moustache  is  heavier  at  the  ends,  l)eing  short  and  scanty  at  the  middle. 
.\fter  fortv  vears  the  beard  grnwtli  is  h(>avier.  but  inerelv  eui|)hasizes  this  distribution. 


28 


Physical  Ch.\racteks  of  Indians  of  Socthern  Mexico 


In  twenty  subjects  the  eyes  were  brown  instead  of  dark  brown.  Oblique  eyes  are 
unconunoii;  only  six  cases  presented  any  degree  of  obliquity.  The  nose  is  large,  but 
is  seldom  aquiline;  rather,  the  bridge  is  long  and  straight  or  slightly  sinuous;  the  line 
of  junction  with  the  forehead  is  from  high  to  medium.  Lips  are  of  moderate  thick- 
ness, and  project  but  little.  Ears  are  round,  and  vary  much  in  their  relation  to  the 
head;  the  upper  border  of  the  helix  is  thin  and  rolled  in,  the  lower  border  is  flat  and 
varies  from  thick  to  thin;  the  lobe  is  large,  attached,  and  round  to  triangular. 
Cheek-bones  are,  not  rarely,  prominent,  and  broad  lower  faces  are  conmion.  One  case 
of  cataract  was  observed. 

The  male  subject  illustrated  on  the  preceding  page  (Fig.  11,  p.  '26j  was  exhibited 
at  the  eleventh  session  of  the  Congress  of  Americanists  as  a  type,  reproducing,  as  it 
does,  in  many  ways  that  .shown  in  ancient  works  of  art.  He  is  hardly  a  good  example 
of  the  type,  as  we  have  defined  it,  as  his  aquiline  nose  and  rather  heavy  beard  are 
excepti(jnal. 

The  women  of  the  tribe  present  no  special  features  for  detailed  comment.  Twenty 
mothers  had  borne  one  hundred  and  twenty-five  children,  of  whom  fifty-eight  were  still 
living.  Two  women  were  unmarried,  and  one  was  childless.  These  Zapotec  women 
present  a  notable  frankness  and  gayety,  as  compared  with  the  W(jmen  in  the  preceding 
tribes,  and  are  only  equaled  (and  surpassed)  in  this  regard  by  their  sisters  in  the 
Tehuantepec  district. 


TABLE    XVI. 


ZAPOTECS 


Mem  (100) 

Women  (25) 

Mean                   Max. 

Min. 

Mean 

Max. 

Min. 

1,586.4               1-772 

1,4.32 

1,195 

512 

1,451 

740 

.318 

171 

1.38 

157 

100 

125 

41 

:i3 

49 

1,474.9 

1,212.0 

557.0 

1,505.0 

782.8 

.330.2 

175.8 

144.3 

169.7 

106.8 

1.34.8 

45.3 

.36.8 

.58.5 

1,570 

1,329 

628 

1,661 

853 

.3.58 

182 

158 

188 

123 

144 

50 

45 

70 

1,403 

Ht-it;iit  of  shoulder 

Ti])  of  second  Knger.  ... 
Finder-reach 

1,310.2 

593.0 

1,623.8 

a30.5 

352.6 

ia3.5 

148.7 

177.6 

113.5 

141.0 

49.3 

40.3 

62.5 

1,494 

705 

1,788 

910 

392 

200 

167 

202 

127 

155 

57 

50 

74 

1,131 
505 

1,:580 

Ileitilit,  sitting 

Widtli  of  shoulders 

Length  of  head       

722 
296 
166 

linadth  of  head 

Ileifxht  of  face  («  i 

H.-i^'ht  (.f  face  (b 

1.34 
146 

luo 

127 

41 

Breadth  of  nose 

Ijont^th  of  ear 

30 
53 

Arm  index 

45.1 
102.3 
52.3 
22.1 
81.0 
80.8 
124.3 

47.9 
107.4 
55.9 
24.3 
89.2 
89.5 
1.39  () 

40.5 
96.6 
47.8 
19.9 
73.5 
08.3 
108.6 
65.3 

44.3 
101.9 
53.0 
22.3 
82.0 
79.6 
126.5 
81.2 

48.3 
108.1 
55.8 
24.3 
89.1 
91.0 
i:i4.3 
95.2 

39.1 

FinK<r  reach  index 

Sittinf,'  heit;ht  index  .... 

Shoulder  index 

Cephalic  index 

Facial  index  («) 

Facial  index  (6) 

96.9 
.")0.6 
20.5 
75.7 
71.2 
107.3 

81.9            102.3 

66.0 

78 


Frederick  Stakr 


29 


FKJ.   l.i.     MIXK:    COATLAN,  STA'I'K  <)l'  DAXACA 


THE  MIXES 

The  Mixes  arc  of  liitlr  statui-c'.  :iml  an'  cxccptioiially  strongly  luiill  ;  their  musi-lea 
are  well  dcvclupcd.  and  tlicir  imii  are  famous  as  carriers;  the  chest  di'veh){)meiit  is 
good.  The  arms  are  the  shortest  observed  (44.()),  but  their  finger-reach  (103.3) 
is  fairly  high.  The  hair  is  black  and  straight:  there  were  fifteen  cases  of  gray, 
or  gray-spriiikliil  hair,  and  sixteen  with  a  tendency  to  wavy  and  curly.  Twelve 
subjects  had  really  gray,  anti  iniie  gray-sprinkled  beards;  there  were  eight  cases  of 
l)!ack-i)rown,  brown,  or  red-brown  beards.  The  bcai-d  on  llie  upper  cheeks  is  scanty, 
on  till'  lower  cheeks  there  is  none  or  it  is  scanty,  on  the  cinu  it  is  meilium  or  scanty; 
the  moustache  is  medium.  The  moustache  appears  first,  the  chin  beard  next ;  when  — 
as  is  common  in  older  sul)jects  —  there  is  a  medium,  or  even  full,  growth  on  th<'  upper 
and  lower  cheeks,  there  is  a  clear  sj)acc  between.  The  eyes  are  dark  I)rown,  with  S  jier 
cent,  of  lighter  occurrences:  tliey  are  larely  oblique  —  in  about  ')  percent.;  they  are 
widely  separated.  The  line  of  union  of  the  nose  and  forehead  is  high  and  of  medium 
width;  the  nose  is  fat,  fiat,  and  brcjad,  with  nostrils  soiiiewliat  transversely  spread. 
The  mouth  is  large  and  lips  are  thick  and  projecting;  the  nmulli  is  rar<dy  kept  closed. 
Prognatliism  is  cipninmn.  Tlie  lines  from  llie  sides  of  the  nose  to  tlu'  ends  of  the  lips 
are   dei'pjy  creased.       Ivus   are   ol'leii    ii-i-egiilar   and    are  usnallv  close  to  the  head:   the 

7'J 


30 


Phvsical  Charaoters  of  Indians  of  Soithern  Mexico 


upper  helix  border  is  rolled  in  and  thin,  while  the  lower  border  is  flat  and  thick;  the 
lobe  is  large,  attached,  and  round.  The  face  is  low  and  is  broad  across  the  cheeks. 
The  skin  is  dark  brown,  (13)  being  most  common  and  (16)  next. 

The  female  ty[)e  was  noted  as  "wide  face  above;  lower  face  wide;  nose  broad  and 
flat;  nostrils  ncjuly  circidar  and  close  to  the  face."  This  description  applies  as  well 
to  the  youthful  male  type.  To  twenty -three  mothers,  one  hundred  and  sixty  children 
were  born  of  whom  eighty-four  still  lived;  the  largest  family  contained  sixteen  children. 

The  occurrence  of  erythrism  at  Ixcuintepec  is  famous  through  the  Mixe  country. 
In  one  family  are  several  red-heads;  we  saw  two  males  of  this  family.  The  hair  was 
a  rich  and  handsome  blackish  red  —  in  the  shade,  in  a  dull  light,  it  would  pass  for 
black;  in  good  light  the  red  was  evident.  Among  our  hundi'ed  males  four  had  cata- 
ract (one,  an  old  man,  had  both  eyes  affected).  One  woman  was  goitrous.  Goitre  is 
not  infrequent  in  this  region  of  fine  mountain  brooks.  At  Camotlan,  with  a  popula- 
tion of  143  persons,  there  were  six  cases  of  goitre — four  females  and  two  males;  there 
were  three  deaf-mutes,  who  were  not  children  of  goitrous  parents ;  and  there  was  one 
case  of  congenital  deformation,  with  no  legs  and  with  deformed  arms  and  hands.  Our 
measurements,  taken  at  Ajutla,  Juquila,  Ixcuintepec,  and  Coatlan.  no  doubt  represent 
the  type  adequately,  l)ut  we  regret  that  the  work  was  not  done  at  Ocotepec,  where 
the  jseople  appear  to  be  exceptionally  pure  and  the  type  finely  niarkeil. 

TABLE    XVII.       MIXES 


Men  (100) 

Women  (25) 

Mean 

Max. 

Min. 

Mean 

Max. 

Min. 

Stature 

1..574.4 

1,:?02.2 

5a3.8 

1,628.1 

822.4 

.357.4 

184.5 

150.7 

177.0 

116.8 

143.5 

49.7 

.39.0 

62.2 

1,714 

1,423 

663 

1.809 

905 

422 

2(X) 

166 

200 

1.31 

155 

62 

48 

79 

1,.5.53 

1,195 

520 

1,456 

7.52 

:»9 

ISS 

140 

154 

103 

1.32 

41 

31 

50 

1.4.58.4 

1,199.2 

538.2 

1,478.9 

774.0 

.322.9 

178.3 

142.9 

167.0 

105.6 

l.Ci.:! 

44.4 

.34.9 

G0.6 

1,648 

1,.346 

617 

1.712 

855 

:?65 

188 

1.5.3 

184 

117 

14.3 

49 

40 

73 

1,326 

Height  of  shoulder 

Tip  of  second  finger 

Finger-reach 

1,07.3 
454 

l,.3a5 
681 

Width  of  shoulders 

Tjcngth  of  head 

288 
165 

Breadth  of  head 

Height  of  faeo  ((/) 

lleif,'ht  of  face  (/)) 

Breadth  of  face 

1.32 

152 

9.3 

118 

37 

Breadth  of  nose 

Ear  length    

.■!0 
49 

Ami  indev 

44.6 
103.3 
.52.1 
22.6 
81.8 
80.8 
122.9 
78.8 

48.7 

108.6 

54.8 

25.8 

97.5 

94.1 

1.38.4 

102.3 

40.6 
99.9 
48.3 
20.7 
71.7 
70.1 
110.5 
56.4 

44.7 
101.3 
.53.0 
22.1 
8(J.l 
79.9 
126.4 
79.0 

46.6 

105.9 

.55.6 

24.4 

87.2 

88.1 

144.0 

100.0 

42.4 

Finper-reach  inde.\ 

Sitting  height  index.... 

Shoulder  inde.x 

Ceplialic  index 

Facial  index  (a) 

Facial  index  (b) 

Nasal  index                   . . . 

97.1 
49.8 
20.6 
74.1 
71.8 
111.9 
66.6 

80 


Frkdekick  Starr 


;u 


KKi.  It.    TKIU   \\l'i:i'i;c  /.AI'OTKC:   SAN    ULAS.  STATK  OF  OAXAr.V 


THE   ZAPOTECS   OF   TEHUANTEPEC 

The  Zapotecs  of  Tehuantcpec  probably  present  the  finest  Zapotec  type,  although 
they  probably  have  some  admixture  of  Spanish  blood.  They  are  the  tallest  tribe 
visited,  having  a  mean  stature  of  KU)");  in  ce[)halic  index  they  are  close  to  the  Mixtec- 
Zapotecs  of  Mitla;  fhey  are  mesorhiniaii.  The  hair  was  gray,  or  turning  to  gray,  in 
seventeen  cases,  and  was  brown  in  three;  the  usual  formula  —  "black,  straight"  — 
fails  in  43  per  cent,  of  cases.  The  disti'ibution  of  beard  is  iimch  as  usual:  less  Ihaii 
half  had  any  beard  on  the  u|i|ii'i-  cheek.s,  three-fourths  had  umir  mi  tlic  lower  clu'ek.s, 
forty-six  had  a  medinm,  and  tbirty-six  a  scanty,  growth  on  llic  cliin.  while  three- 
fourths  had  a  medium  moustache  growth ;  37  percent,  of  the  subjects  have  lii,dit  or 
gray  beard.  Eyes  are  usually  dark  brown,  but  there  were  seventeen  cases  of  brown, 
light  brown,  or  gray;  few  are  obli(pie  in  any  degree.  The  line  of  union  between  the 
nose  and  forehead  is  from  high  tn  nuiliuni  and  rather  narrow;  though  thr  nose  is 
long  and  high,  it  is  often  Hat  and  thick  at  the  end.  The  lips  vary  from  medium  to 
thick  and  project  somewhat.  The  ears  are,  rather  freijuently.  irregular,  and  project 
from  the  head;  the  edge  of  the  helix  is  thin  and  rolled  in  abo\'e.  thick  I  or  thin)  and 
flat  beldw:  the  lobe  is  large,  attarhcd,  ;ind  variabli-  in  form.  A  certain  narrow,  large- 
featured.  hat<-hct  face  is  rather  cumnion.  and  is  representi'tl  in  the  cnt.     The  skin  color 

Si 


32 


Physical  Ch.^racters  of  Indians  of  Southern  Mexico 


TABLE    XVIII.       ZAPOTECS    (tEHUANTEPECANOS) 


Men  C99) 

Women  (25) 

Mean 

Max. 

Min. 

Mean 

Max. 

Min. 

1,605.0 

1,-325.2 

589.7 

1,666.9 

&30.0 

.361.2 

185.3 

150.2 

181.1 

114.8 

142.4 

50.2 

40.1 

&3.7 

1,7.30 
1,448 

6a3 

1,826 

905 

.395 

199 

1&3 

201 

1.32 

155 

58 

49 

77 

1,476 

1,220 

520 

1,454 

765 

.314 

171 

1.39 

160 

99 

129 

42 

,34 

52 

1,.509.4 

1,245.8 

i)69.5 

1,.540.1 

793.4 

.3.33.0 

176.6 

145.6 

171.8 

107.4 

1,36.0 

44.7 

,36.2 

59.3 

I,a30 

1,349 

&30 

1,729 

852 

362 

191 

155 

191 

116 

150 

50 

42 

64 

I,4a3 

Height  of  shoulder 

Tip  of  second  finger 

1,157 
5.30 

1,415 
754 

Heicrht  sittiner         . . 

Width  of  shoulder.s 

Length  of  head 

295 
1.58 

Breadth  of  head 

Height  of  face  (o) 

Height  of  face  lb) 

Breadth  of  face 

1.33 

149 

99 

125 

40 

Breadth  of  nose 

Length  of  ear 

29 
52 

Arm  index 

45.7 
103.8 
51.6 
23.0 
81.1 
78.7 
124.1 
80.0 

49.0 

110.2 

55.8 

25.0 

89.5 

88.0 

1.37.3 

102.1 

37.9 
94.5 
48.2 
20.1 
73.3 
70.5 
106.8 
64.2 

44.7 
101.9 
52.6 
22.0 
82.5 
79.2 
126.7 
81.0 

47.6 
107.8 
55.2 
2:3.8 
92.4 
87.9 
140.2 
93.3 

42.0 

Finger-reach  index 

Sitting-height  index 

Shoulder  index 

Cephalic  index 

Facial  index  (a) 

Facial  index  (b) 

95.6 
49.2 
19.2 
76.3 
73.5 
118.9 
&3.0 

varies  but  the  commonest  tint  is  (1*3)  and  the  next  is  (13),  so  it  may  be  described  as 
dark  brown. 

Women  give  the  impression  of  being  larger  and  better  Iniilt  tlian  the  men.  This 
is  not  actiiallv  the  case,  but  the  maximum  stature  of  the  women  is  greater  than  the 
mean  stature  of  the  men.  This  is  true  of  only  four  other  tribes  in  the  list  —  Mixes, 
Mixtecs,  Triquis,  and  Tarascans.  In  enterprise  and  vivacity  the  women  are  distinctly 
superior.  For  personal  beauty  the  Tehuantepec  women  are  famous:  all  travelers 
emphasize  the  fact  and  some  assert  that  they  are  the  handsomest  women  in  the  world. 
jNIuch  of  this  favorable  im[)ression  is  due  to  their  fine  forms,  their  free  and  graceful 
movement,  and  their  straightforward  and  fearless  manner.  Women  of  middle  age 
tend  toward  stoutness  and  some  cases  of  real  obesity  occur. 

We  have  already  stated  that  the  Mitla  Zapotecs  are  intermediate  between  the 
Tehuantej)ecanos  and  the  Mixtecs.     The  accompanying  table  shows  this: 


Stature 

Arm 

FinKcr-reach 

SittiiiR 

Shoulder 

Cephalic 

Facial 

('>) 

Nasal 

Mixtcc.s 

i.'-.ei.s 

44.8 

102.1 

.52.2 

22.6 

81.9 

80.0 

12.5.7 

KU 

Ziipotecs  (M.) 

1586.4 

4.5.1 

io2.;3 

.52.3 

22.1 

81.0 

80.S 

124.3 

81.9 

Zapotecs  (T.) 

160,5.0 

45.7 

103.8 

55.8 

23.0 

81.1 

78.7 

124.1 

80.0 

In  only  three  of  these  nine  details  do  they  occu})y  any  but  the  intermediate  phu-e,  and 
in  those  three  the  difference  between  the  two  Zapotec  types  is  small.  Facts,  then,  bear 
out  the  common  idea  that  the  j)eople  of  Mitla  are  a  Mixtec-Zapotec  mixture. 

82 


Frederick  St.^rr 


33 


Tin-:    .TUAVES 

These  sea-side,  lagoon-frcciin'iitinj^  Indians  jirescnt  a  well-marked  <y|u'.  Their 
average  stature  falls  just  short  of  "below  uicaii;  '  the  (■cphalii'  index  is  just  shoit  of 
supra-hraehycephaly ;  their  nasal  index,  while  the  least  observed,  is  still  uiesorhinian. 
The  hair  is  straight  and  hlac-k;  there  were  nine  cases  of  gray  hair,  and  twenty-eight 
that  wiTc  more  or  less  wavy  or  eurly.  The  beai'd  |)resents  greater  variation:  tlu're 
were  fifteen  cases  which  were  somewhat  gray  and  thirty-two  which  were  l)rown  or 
black-brown.  There  was  total  lack  of  t)eard  on  the  upper  cheeks  in  sixty-nine  cases, 
and  straggling  hairs  in  Iwiiity-two;  there  was  no  beard  on  (lie  lower  cheeks;  on  the 
chin  the  growth  varied  from  medium  to  scanty,  but  was  confined  to  the  ti])  and  a 
vertical  median  line.  Out  of  nine  cases  that  present  a  medium  growth  on  the  u])per 
cheeks,  eight  were  gray  or  brown;  in  tiie  few  cases  where  there  was  a  scanty  growth 
on  the  lowi'r  ciieeks,  all  were  gray  or  brown.  These  facts  raise  the  suspicion  of 
mixture  of  l)loods  in  cases  of  notable  l)eai'tl  growth.  The  eyes  are  dark  lirown;  in  the 
t'ight  cases  where  brown  eyes  were  observed,  the  hair  or  beard  was  gray,  bi-own,  or 
black-brown,  straight-wavy,  or  straight-curly;  the  eyes  show  no  tendency  to  obliquity. 
The  uose  is  enormous,  prominent  and  aquiline;  this  is  true  even  in  women  and  boys; 
among  the  latter,  however,  it  is  lower  and  somewhat  flat.  The  line  at  the  junction  of 
nose  and  forehead  is  high  and  from  narrow  to  medium;  the  bridge  is  often  narrow;  the 
tip  is  rarely  thick  and  is,  sometimes,  even  hooked.      The  mouth  is  large,  the  li[)s  tliick, 


T.\BLE   XIX.       .lUAVES 


Men  (100) 

Women  (2.5) 

Mean 

Max. 

Min. 

Mean 

Max. 

Miu. 

Staturo 

1,599.6 

1.7.^3 

1,473 
1,217 
.5.35 
1,473 
770 
314 
162 
140 
162 
104 
1.34 

l,4a3.0 

1,203.0 

,5.39.2 

1,505.5 

782.6 

.326.2 

172.3 

148.2 

167.5 

106.8 

1.37.4 

44.7 

.Y>.7 

58.3 

1,5.37 

1,281 

599 

1,595 

821 

.351 

ia3 

164 

182 

110 

150 

51 

41 

64 

1,.375 

Height  iif  .■<liiiiil(lcr 

Tip  of  .-iiidnil  linger 

FintriT- reach 

Sitting  licitrht 

Width  of  slioiilders.  .  . . 

Ijcncth  of  hcjul 

Breadth  of  head 

Height  of  face  (<i) 

Height  of  faMM'j) 

1,.322.9       '        1.451 
592.8                678 

1,644.4              1,775 
a30.9                897 
354.8      1          ;».3 
181.3      ,          199 
1.53.1       :          171 

177.1  200 

110.2  129 
145.0       1           160 

1,103 
478 

i,;«3 

7.39 
296 
1.55 

i:!3 

149 

94 

121 

Height  of  noso   .  . . 

;')()  .3                   58                     42 

^^8 

lircadth  of  nose 

:{8.1       1            45 
61.3                   77 

32 
55 

.30 

53 

Arm  index 

45.5 

102.7 
51.8 
22.3 
84.5 
81  5 

48.4 
107.2 
53,9 
25.2 
93.7 
92  5 

42.4 
96.3 
49.6 
20.2 
74.3 
74  3 

45.0 
102.9 
.53.4 
22.2 
86.0 
8.3  1 

47.9 
106.5 
.56.0 
24.1 
95.9 
91  0 

42.3 

FinRor  roach  index 

Sitting  lieiclit  index  ,  .  , 

Shoulder  in<lex 

Cephalic  index 

I'^acial  incU'.x  {a},    . 

98.8 
51.2 
20.1 
76.2 
75.2 

i'^'acial  index  {b) 

124.9              1.39  4                107.0                 i:W.3             144.9 
70.0              l(X).l)                  {•,•>•!         '           80.2       1         93.0 

115.6 

65.2 

83 


34  Physical  Characters  of  Indians  of  Southern  Mexico 


FIG.  1.-).    JUAVE:  SAN   MATEO   DEL   MAH,  STATE  OF  OAXACA 

and  the  upper  lip  often  projects.  The  cheek-hones  are  high:  the  lower  face  varies  and 
may  be  ])road  or  narrow.  Ears  vary  little  and  are  not  large;  the  upjjer  part  of  the 
car  frequently  stands  well  off  from  the  head  —  the  lower  part  rarely  does:  the  upper 
|)art  of  the  border  of  the  helix  folds  over,  sometimes  closely  and  flattened:  the  lower 
part  is  flat  and  thin,  though  the  very  edge  may  be  thickened  and  slightly  raised;  the 
lobe  is  large,  attached,  and  triangular.  The  skin  color  is  commonest  at  (^16),  then 
at  (18). 

The  women  show  rather  more  variation  than  the  men:  they  are  lighter  in 
color,  there  being  twice  as  many  at  (13)  as  there  are  at  (10).  As  regards  fecundity, 
twenty-four  women  had  borne  one  hundred  and  fift)'-seven  children,  of  whom  more 
than  lialf  (eighty-six)  were  dead.  Two  women  out  of  twenty-five  had  cataract  of 
the  eyes. 

Es])ecial  interest  attaches  to  this  tribe  df  Indians.  Their  inanner  of  lite  is 
peculiar;  they  have  a  language  whose  affinity  with  nther  Mexican  languages  is 
unknown,  and  they  are  believed  to  have  come  from  somewhere  farther  .south — from 
Central  America  or  South  America. 

Francisco  Belmar  has  recently  published  a  study  of  t]\e  language  of  tlie  Jnave 
tribe,  and  Nicolas  Leon  has  pre])ared  a  summary  of  what  has  heretofore  been  written 
about  them. 

Si 


Frederick  8ta  rr 


35 


FKi.  Hi.    jrAVK   WOMAN:   S\N     M  \Tl:i)    DHL    M\K,  ST\TK  OF  OAXACA 


THE   CHONTALS 

A  first  <;laiirc  <rivc.s  the  impression  that  the  Choiitals  arc  sadly  mixed.  Their 
frequt'iitiy  c-ui'ly  iiair,  iif^lit  skin,  and  li^lit  eyes  suggest  bkiod  mixture.  As  their 
chief   1i)\vn    lii-s    upon  a  much  traveled   liigh-road,  the  pu.ssibility  of  such  a  mixture,  is 


admitted 


l>ut  it'  it  has   taken   [)hice    thi 


ik   has  been  thorougli.  and  tiie  resulting 


type  is  quite  as  uniform  as  many  of  those  in  southern  Mexico.  Usually  the  nnujc 
in  character  and  indii'es  is  considered  indicative  of  purity  or  mixture.  In  our  nine 
general  tables  the  range  in  stature  is  the  (July  lud.vltutim  shown  by  the  Chontals;  in 
four  indices  the  range  is  consideralile,  though  not  a  niaximuin:  in  lour  the  range  is 
less  than  tliat  (jf  one-half  of  the  tribi^s,  and  in  two  of  these  (one  of  them  the  nasal 
index)  it  is  relatively  small.  The  type,  then,  is  not  a  bad  one.  If  there  is  notable 
mixture,  pi-obai)ly  negio  blood,  as  widl  as  white,  is  present.  The  Chontals,  with 
a  stature  of  1, oils. 0  nun.,  are  near  near  the  taller  end  of  oni-  t  ril)es;  they  are  sub-brachy- 
ceplmlic;  the  nasal  index  is  low.  The  hair  is  black  and  straight,  but  in  thirty-five 
cases  out  of  eighty  it  showed  variation  in  form  and  in  sixteen  out  of  eighty  cases 
showed  variation  in  eoloi-.  Ten  cases  were  dislinetU'  curly,  while  tlii-i'c  were  brown  or 
dark  brown.  The  i)eard  was  gray,  or  sprinkled  with  gray,  in  thirty  suiijects;  it  was 
curlv  in  sevei-al.      Many  subjects  had   no   beaid  on    (he    upper   cheeks,  but   thiily-one 


36 


Physical  Char.\cteks  of  Indians  of  Southern  Mexico 


V 


ii 


FIG.  17.     CHOXTAL:  TEQITXTSTLAX,  ST.\TE  OF  0\\\t\ 
TABLE    XX.       CHONTALS 


Men  (80) 

Women  (25) 

Mean 

Max. 

Min. 

Mean 

Max. 

Min. 

Stature 

1,598.0 

1,325.0 

595.2 

1,648.6 

825.4 

351.7 

180.3 

149.9 

177.6 

113.7 

141.7 

50.5 

.39.0 

62.4 

1,768 

1,488 

678 

1,821 

1,391 

1.480.0 

1,563 
l,3(fi 
612 
1,609 
857 
347 
185 
153 
188 
115 
148 

1,383 
1,130 

483 
1,410 

749 

Heifjht  of  shoulder 

Tip  of  second  finger 

1,141              1,218.6 

540                548.8 

1.415         I      l..Ta3  G 

Height,  sitting 

905                     728         1          788.0 

Width  of  shoulders 

386 

192 

160 

200 

129 

151 

56 

47 

73 

.308        1        326.4 
162                 176.1 

298 
177 

Breadth  of  head 

Heif,'ht  of  faee  (a) 

Height  of  face  (b) 

139 
145 
102 
12G 

144.5 
170.0 
107.7 
1,37.5 

132 
155 
100 
124 

Height  of  nose     

45                   46.0                   53 

40 

Breadth  of  nose 

.32                   .36.5 

44 

77 

30 

55 

61.0 

52 

Arm  inde.x 

Finger  reach  index 

Sitting  height  inde.'?  .... 
Shoulder  index       

45.6 
103.1 
51.6 
21.9 
a3.2 
79.9 
124.7 
77.2 

51.1 

110.0 

55.2 

2:^.8 

ft3.5 

93.7 

138.4 

94.0 

42.6 
98.4 
47.3 
19.2 
75.6 
70.4 
108.1 
61.5 

45.1 
101.5 
53.1 
22.0 
82.0 
81.0 

48.4 
106.5 
55.1 
24.1 
87.7 
87.5 

42.7 
95.7 
50.7 
20.1 

Cephalic  index 

76. 0 
72.0 

Facial  index  {b} 

Na.sal  index 

127.6 
79.4 

1.36.2               114.8 
91.6                63.2 

86 


Fkedekick  Stakk 


37 


h'IG.  IS,    fHONTAL   WOMAN:  TEQUIXISTLAN.  STATE  OF  OAXACA 

subjects  showed  a  scanty  to  iiii'diuiii  i^rowth;  ciiil\'  a  lliii'd  had  any  at  all  nii  tlic  lowci' 
cheeks;  more  than  half  liad  a  uu'diinn  ijrowth  uikui  the  chin;  ti\  c-ci^hths  liad  a 
medium  and  almost  all  the  others  a  full  moustache.  This  remarkahle  predominance 
of  the  moustache  over  the  rest  of  the  beai-d  appears  real,  and  imt  tin-  i-esult  of  sliaviii<x. 
The  eyi's  are  dark  brown;  only  seven  vaiied  (one  of  these  was  l)UH'-<rray) ;  they  are 
widely  spaced  and  arc  horizontal.  The  nose  is  large  and  rather  lon<^,  often  somewhat 
convex  alonir  the  rid<fe:  the  root  is  hijih  and  narrow,  and  often  i)resents  a  broad 
plateau,  pinched  u|>  inlo  a  narrow  ridge  just  where  it  joins  the  forclHiid.  Tlir  lips 
are  thin  to  nietUum:  the  upper  lip  is  vertical  or  slightly  projecting.  Tlir  lar  is  round, 
stands  off  from  the  head,  and  is  thin  anil  rather  open:  the  nppei'  horchr  of  the  helix 
is  thiti  and  rolled  inward,  the  lower  border  is  (hick  to  thin  and  tlat  :  the  lobe  varies  in 
size  and  attaclinicnt.  hut  is  usually  round.  The  coloi'  of  the  skin  varies  somewhat 
in  individuals,  iiut  the  <-onnnoner  shades  ai-e  re|)resented  by  (1-5),  |2;3),and  (Ki)  in 
our  color-[)late. 

Women  fairly  jiresent  the  sanx'  type.  More  than  one-half  of  them  gave  skin 
color  at  (  IBj.  Their  lips  are  more  fre(piently  thick  and  they  are  sonietiuies  prog- 
nathic. Two  of  (he  women  whom  we  examined  had  ne\ci-  borne  children;  but 
twenty-two  mothers  had  given  birth  to  one  hundred  and  thirteen  children,  of  whom 
sixty-seven  had  died. 

87 


38 


Physical  Characters  of  Indians  of  Southern  Mexico 


FIG.  la    CUICATEC:  PAPALO,  STATE  OF  OAXACA 


THE   CUICATECS 

The  Cuicatecs  present  less  uniformity  of  type  than  any  other  tribe  examined. 
After  having  examined  the  whole  series  of  subjects  there  was  no  satisfactory  type- 
picture  in  mind.  They  are  of  littli>  stature,  sub-brachycephalic  ( with  many  mesati- 
cephalic  individuals),  and  mesorhiuiau.  The  hair  is  black  and  straight  :  twelve 
subjects  were  somewhat  gray,  one  was  brown,  and  one  blackish  red  ;  some  degree  of 
waviness  or  curliness  was  observed  in  fourteen  cases.  The  common  beard  formula 
was:  none  (or  scanty),  none,  scanty  to  medium;  medium  to  full;  where  beard 
occurred  on  the  cheeks  it  was  well  forward.  The  eyes  are  dark-brown,  wiilely  si)aced, 
and  horizontal.  Two  nose  forms  were  rather  common  ;  these,  notwithstanding  their 
differences,  might  be  combined  in  one  person  :  (a)  long,  not  aquiline,  sinuous,  with 
the  bridge  often  curiously  broadened  in  the  up|)er  third  of  its  length  ;  \^h)  crest  or 
ridge  concave,  wide  and  fat  at  bottom,  with  round,  quite  widely  separated,  nostrils. 
With  the  latter  type  of  nose  tliere  was  usually  associated  a  fat  and  broad  lower  face. 
Not  infrequently,  at  the  root,  the  nose  is  })inc]u'd  u|)  into  a  narrow  ridge  upon  a  wider 
plateau,  which  widely  separates  the  eyes.  The  lips  are  thick  and  often  project.  The 
ears  are  rather  close  to  the  head  ;  the  upper  border  of  the  helix  is  rolled  in  and  thin  ; 
the  lower  border  is  thicker  and  flat  :   the  lobe  is  large,  attached,  and  round  (triangular). 

88 


Frederick  Starr 


39 


The  color  of  tlie  skin  is  most  frequently  at  (28) :  Hftcr  this  come  (13)  and  (23-13). 

Of  all  Mexican  Indians  visited  by  us  these  were  the  least  agreeal)Ie,  the  least 
intelligent,  and  thi'  most  stubborn.  We  had  hoped  this  bad  impression  was  peculiar 
to  ourselves,  but  lind  that  they  bear  much  the  same  reputation  among  others  who  have 
come  into  coulai-t  witli  tlicin. 

In  four  casi's  there  was  some  degree  of  lialdness.  One  cataract  was  noticed.  One 
subject  presented  a  curious  disease  alFecting  the  linger  nails:  these  were  enormous, 
thick,  and  sniootli.  The  subjtM-t  attributed  the  condition  to  his  woiking  constantly  in 
cold  water.  Two  other  cases  were  observed,  but  they  were  not  developed  in  anytiiiiig 
like  the  same  degree. 

Eight  women  were  more  or  less  gray,  and  two  presented  some  curliness  of  hair; 
four  had  brown  eves.  The  long  sinuous  nose  above  described  is  rather  eoninion  anionjir 
them.  Twenty-four  mothers  had  borne  one  hundred  and  fourteen  cliildren.  of  whom 
seventy  still  lived  ;  one  woman  was  unmarried. 


T.\BLE    XXI. 


CflCATECS 


Men  (100) 

Women  (ffi) 

Mean 

Max. 

Min. 

Mean 

Max. 

Min. 

stature 

1,562.3 

1,286.4 

578.5 

1,601.7 

823.3 

351.6 

181.5 

147.6 

175.8 

112.5 

i:?9.l 

48.3 

38.6 

60.1 

1,736 

1,478 

690 

1,815 

883 

.391 

204 

lf.2 

2(X1 

125 

155 

57 

45 

71 

1,365 

1,111 

500 

1.400 

1,4.50.0 

1,189.9 

544.5 

1  4Rn  1 

1.524 
1,255 
589 
1,578 
829 
3,52 
182 
154 

ia3 

118 

141 

51 

40 

08 

1313 

Height  of  .shoulder 

Tip  of  .second  tinker 

1,070 
468 

1,362 
693 

729                776.8 
311                .323.  G 
170               17:^  0 

Width  of  .shoulders 

Ijcnt^th  of  head 

297 
165 

Breadth  of  head 

Height  of  face  (a) 

Height  of  face  (6 

1.37 

1.56 

103 

125 

41 

31 

51 

141.0 

162.8 

105.6 

1.31 .0 

44.0 

34.6 

57.8 

i:il 

142 

96 

123 

.36 

Hreadth  of  nose 

Length  of  ear 

.30 
52 

Arm  index 

45.1 
102.4 
52.6 
22.4 
81.3 
79.3 
123.8 
80.2 

47.5 

109.4 

56.8 

24.3 

90.1 

96.8 

1.38.3 

100.0 

40.2 
94.3 
48.  G 
20.4 
72.5 
68  9 

44.4 
101.0 
53.5 
22.2 
81.6 
SO  fi 

47.4 

104.3 

56.8 

2.3.8 

42.5 

Finger  reaeh  index 

Silting  height  index 

96.5 
.50,9 
•21  3 

Cephalic^  index 

Facial  index  (ro 

92.7                75.8 
89  7                69  3 

Facial  index  (b) 

Nasal  index 

104.0                121.0 
Go  4                      78  i) 

1.32  11               111  9 

UXI  1)                     I'll!  <> 

Tllf:    CHINANTECS 

These  mountain  Imlians  present  a  tine  t\pe.  witii  two  \vell-(l(>tineil  sul)-types  — 
youtiifu!  anil  inalure.  They  are  of  little  stature  sub-braeliycephalic,  and  meso- 
rhiiuan.  The  youtliriil  tyjie  lias  a  broad.  Hat  nose,  with  a  straight  I  or  occasionally 
concave)  ridge  and  a  flat  tip:  the  eves  are  widely  s])a(eil  ami  often  obliipie;  the 
nLoulh  is  large,  with  tliick  lips,  of    wlii    'i  the  n|iper  projects  nolablv  bevonil  the  lower: 

89 


40 


Physic.\l  C'h.\k.\ct eks  of  Indi.ws  of  Southern  Mexico 


FIU.   3).     CHINANTKt  ;   S.V.S    .Jl.V.N    Z.AL  TL.\,  ST.VTK  OF   OA\A(  A 


TABLE    XXII.       CHINANTECS 


Men  (100) 

Women  (2.i) 

Mean 

Max. 

Mill. 

Mean                   Max.          (          Min. 

Stature 

Height  of  shoulder 

'I'ij)  of  second  tinger 

Finger- reach 

Height,  sitting 

Width  of  shoulders 

Length  of  head 

Breadth  of  head 

Height  of  face  (a) 

Height  of  face  (6) 

1,575.8 

1,297.4 

582.2 

l,f»8.1 

847.8 

353.4 

181.4 

151.9 

176.8 

115.6 

145.0 

50.4 

39.9 

62.9 

1,700 

1,428 

657 

1,793 

935 

390 

203 

168 

202 

132 

163 

61 

50 

73 

1.430 

1,155 

498 

1,4.32 

782 

.323 

165 

140 

1.57 

101 

135 

42 

.34 

56 

1,.398.8 

1,143.4 

505.9 

1,409.5 

763.3 

322.2 

176.6 

146.0 

167.4 

104.8 

135.9 

45.2 

37.4 

60.7 

1,503 

1,263 

583 

1,540 

831 

.351 

186 

155 

175 

114 

142 

52 

45 

71 

1,,308 
1,076 
466 
1,345 
710 
285 
165 

i;!i) 

144 

90 

128 

Height  of  nose .. 

40 

Breadth  of  nose 

.■5.3 

Length  of  ear 

52 

45.4 

48.8 
109.9 
56.6 
24.5 
96.4 
94.2 
146.2 
97.8 

41.8 
93.6 
51.4 
20.5 
74.0 
73.3 
106.9 
59.3 

45.5 
103.1 
54.5 
22.9 
82.7 
81.2 
129.8 
82.9 

47.8 
107.5 
57.4 
24.6 
90.3 
88.8 
1,39.6 
97.5 

43.4 

Finger  reach  inde.v 

Sitting  height  index ... 

Shoulder  index 

Cejihalic  index 

Facial  index  (a) 

Facial  index  ib) 

102.8 
53.9 
22.4 
R3.7 
82.2 

125.7 
79.6 

99.5 
52.2 
21.4 
75.8 
75.7 
120.1 

Nasal  index 

71.4 

90 


Fredebick  Stakb  41 


the  face  is  flat,  ami  wide  at  tlie  cheek-bones;  the  skin  is  dark  (Hi  I.  With  age  this 
changes  to  the  mature  tvjie.  Tlie  nose  becomes  finely  aquiline  and  moderately  wide, 
or  narrow,  at  the  root;  the  upper  lij)  becomes  less  projecting;  the  skin  lightens  up  to 
a  certain  age,  after  which  it  again  darkens,  becoming  finally  fixed  at  ^^I'■^-^). 

The  hair  is  straight  and  black;  in  three  cases  it  was  gray,  in  nine  somewhat 
sj)rinkled  with  gray,  and  in  two  sonu'what  brown;  seven  cases  were  slightly  wavy  or 
curly.  The  beard  was  gray,  or  gray  sprinkled,  in  fourteen,  and  brownish  in  seven, 
cases.  The  commonest  beard  formula  was:  medium  (or  none),  none,  scanty;  medium. 
The  scanty  chin  beard  is  almost  confined  to  the  point  and  a  middle  vertical  line. 
Several  subjects,  particularly  among  the  youthful  type,  showed  a  fine,  black,  downy 
growth  upon  the  forehead.  Eyes  are  dark  brown,  often  widely  separated,  and  rather 
frequently  I  there  were  nineteen  cases)  oblique.  Eyebrows  are  frequently  continuous. 
While  the  nose  in  the  mature  type  is  finely  a(iuiliue,  it  is  not  large  and  is  often  low. 
The  lips  are  moderately  thick  and  somewhat  projecting.  The  ear  is  round  and  close 
to  the  head;  the  border  of  the  uj)per  part  of  th(^  helix  is  roiled  inward  and  thin;  that 
of  the  lower  part  is  flat  and  thick  (thin);  the  lobe  is  large,  attached  and  mund. 

Fifty  years  apjiears  to  he  a  considerable  age,  and  those  claiming  to  be  so  old 
usually  were  wrinkled  and  had  |)rominent  lower,  and  shrunken  upper,  jaws.  Several 
were  pock-marked;  two  had  cataract.  The  fourth  and  fifth  toes  are  frequently  of  the 
same  length;  this  peculiarity  is  also  common  among  Triquis  and  Mixtecs.  At  San 
Juan  Zautla,  where  there  are  but  eighty  coiifribiiciifcs  (there  were  formerly  one 
hundred  and  nine),  im})ecility  is  common  and  we  saw  one  deaf-mute.  At  San  Pedro 
Zoochiapa  conditions  appear  better. 

Women  present  u<>  noteworthy  features.  In  our  series,  two  women  were  barren; 
the  other  twenty-three  had  borne  one  hundred  and  nine  children,  of  whom  thirty-six 
had  died. 

THE    CHOCHOS 

The  Chochos  are  of  little  stature,  sub-hrachycephalic,  and  mesui  liinian.  Tlieir  arms 
are  moderately  long  and  their  shoulder-width  surpasses  that  of  all  the  .)lher  tribes. 
The  face  tends  to  become  low  and  rnuiiil.  with  the  maxiniuni  brcadtli.  at  the  cheek- 
bones, larger  than  the  uuiximum  cranial  breadth.  The  hair  is  iilack  and  straight: 
there  were  twelve  cases  gray,  nine  sprinkled  with  gray,  and  one  brown;  a  tendency  to 
curling,  especially  on  top  of  the  head,  is  noticeable;  tliinning  of  the  hair  on  lop  ot 
the  head  is  rather  common.  The  beard  commonly  follows  the  formula:  medium  (or 
nonel,  none  (or  medium  |.  medium:  medium.  Fully  one-half  the  subjects  conformed 
to  this  formula,  showing  that  the  tribe  is,  relatively,  heavily  bearded.  The  beard  was 
gray  in  seventeen,  gray  sprinkled  in  thirteen,  and  brown  in  seven,  cases.  The  eyes 
are  dark  brown  and  well  separated;  in  thirty-eight  subjects  they  were  oljlicpie.  The 
nose  is  broad,  witli  a  fat,  flattened  tip;  it  tends,  however,  to  become  longer,  and  even 
aquiline,  with  age.      The  lips  are  thick  and  projecting.      Ears  are  round  and  close  to 

91 


42 


Physical  Characters  of  Indians  of  Southern  Mexico 


FIO.  :;i.    rilOCHO;  COlXTL.VHr.VfW,  8T.VTE  OF  0\\M\ 


TABLE    XXIII. 


chochos 


Men-  (100) 

Women  (23) 

Mean 

Max,                    Min. 

Mean 

Max. 

Min, 

Stature  

1,562.2 

1,285.5 

567.0 

1,609.0 

824.3 

364.2 

187.6 

151.0 

179.9 

114.9 

144.0 

49.3 

40.6 

62.5 

1,684                1,437 

1  4,33  4 

1.594                 1..375 

Height  of  shouldor 

Tip  of  second  tinRer 

Finger  reach 

1,.368               1,172              1,169.2              1,249 
640                  490                527.1                Ga) 

1,810               1,4.34              1.467.9      ,        1,546 
895                  7.57                768.2      !          828 
403                  312                :329.9                3.59 
2(X1                      171                    178  5                    188 

1.116 
4.50 

1,375 
720 

Width  of  shoulders 

Ijen*'th  of  head.          .    . 

288 
170 

lircadlh  of  head 

Height  of  face  (a) 

Height  of  face  {b) 

Breadth  of  face 

165 
200 
126 
158 

1.38                 147.0       ,           151                   1.36 
1.59        ,        168.8      1          188                  155 
ia3                106.5                118                    98 
1,34                 1.3t)  0                149                  129 

61 
49 
77 

40                   4.3.5                   .50                     37 

Breadth  of  nose 

23                    36  4                    43                      .32 

Lengtli  of  ear 

54 

59  0       !             66         1             52 

Arm  index 

Finger-reaeh  index 

Sitting  height  index  .... 

Shoulder  index 

Cephalic  index 

45.9 
103.0 
52.7 
23.2 
80.5 
79.8 
125.5 
82.6 

50.7 

111.7 

57.2 

26.1 

93.6 

95.7 

141.7 

102  3 

43.4 
97.2 
49.9 
20.1 
74,0 
69,5 
113.5 
60  0 

44,7              47.9                41,2 
102.6      '      107.3        ,        96,9 
.53,5              55,9                50,5 
22,9              24,7                20,9 
82  4              87.0                75.1 

Facial  index  (ol 

Facial  index  (?>) 

80.7      1        94.3                71.8 

128,0             141.9              116.1 

84.0               97  6                 68.0 

92 


Fbedekick  Stabe  43 


tlie  head;  tlio  lii'lix  liordcr  is  rolled  in  <uk1  thick  above  and  Hat  below;  tlie  lube  is 
large,  slightly  attached,  and  round.  The  lower  face  is  often  heavy  and  projecting. 
The  ccjIoi-  nf  the-  skin  is  ipute  constant  at  (23).  Overgrown  examples  of  the  youthfid 
ty[)e  occ-ur;  big.  babyish  fellows.      A  coarse,  light  tyjie  is  also  found. 

The  Chochos  gav(>  us  the  impression  of  being  extremely  cowardly. 

Women  present  the  same  lendcncy  to  i]bli([uity  of  the  eyes,  broadness  of  nose, 
and  thickness  and  projection  of  lips  that  the  men  do;  they  present  the  same 
uniforuuty  in  color,  at  the  same  shade.  Twenty  mothers  in  our  series  had  borne 
ninety-one  children,  of   whom  forty-six  had  died;  one  woman  was  unmarried. 


THE   MAZATECS 

The  Mazatecs,  with  a  stature  of  Lo.'Sl.S  mm.,  are  the  shortest  of  the  tribes 
examined,  'i'hey  are  suli-brachycephalic  and  niesorhinian.  The  head  is  frequently 
flattened  behind,  giving  great  apparent  height.  The  hair  is  black  and  straight;  only 
threi'  cases  were  gray  and  five  sprinkled  with  gray;  liiirteen  subjects  i)resented  slight 
ilegrees  of  waviness  or  curliness;  the  hair  was  occasionally  lliin  mi  top  of  the  head. 
The  beard  was  gray  in  four,  sprinkled  with  gray  in  six,  and  brownish  in  seven,  cases. 
The  beard  growth  on  the  ujjper  cheeks  was  medium,  on  tlii'  lower  cheeks  none,  on  the 
chin  medium  to  scanty;  the  mou.stache  was  medium.  The  beard  ajjpears  late,  and 
subjects  from  twenty-six  to  twenty-eight  years  of  age  often  have  none  at  all,  or  a 
scanty  growth  u])on  the  chin  point  aiid  the  upiier  Hi).  The  face,  at  the  cheek-bones. 
is  wide,  often  as  wide  as  the  maximum  cranial  width.  The  nose  is  generally  aquiline, 
though  neither  large  nor  prominent;  the  line  of  junction  of  the  uosc  and  forehead  is 
high  t(_>  medium  and  of  medium  width;  the  tij)  of  the  nose  is  often  broad  and  flat. 
The  eyes  are  dark  brown  and  widely  separated;  in  twenty-eight  subjects  they  were 
more  or  less  obli<pie.  The  lips  range  from  medium  to  thick  and  there  is  some  progna- 
thism. The  lowi-i-  jaw  is  frecjuently  wide  and  heavy-angled.  The  ear  is  round,  and 
stands  well  ofl'  from  llie  head;  the  border  of  the  u])per  ]iart  nf  the  helix  is  thin  and 
rolled  in.  wliile  that  .if  the  |..wer  ])art  is  thick  (-thin)  and  flat;  the  lobe  is  large, 
attached,  and  ro\iiid-t riangulai'.  The  skin  color  is  most  frecpieiit  ly  at  \ 'IH  \  :  next  in 
IVeipK'ney  is  (  1;5   28j  ;  seventy-tive  of   the  cases  fail  within  these  two  shades. 

Women  present  much  the  same  type,  but  are  more  fre(pienlly  |)rognathic.  They 
tend  to  stoutness,  and  miildle-aged  women  are  sometimes  fat.  Tn  our  series  were  three 
barren  wouumi  and  one  uninaiiied  woman;  seveiili'en  mothers  had  iicirne  ninety 
children,  of   whom  forty-seven  still  survived. 

Three  or  four  casi'S  were  pock-marked.  About  the  same  nund)ir  of  persons  were 
affected  l)y  i)urple  jiiiilo.  The  disease  of  piiifo  is  little  significaid  at  Huauhtla,  l)iit 
we  were  told  that  at  Chicliotla.  which  is  at  a  <-onsidei-alile  lower  altitude,  "almost 
everyone"  had  it.  In  disposition  Mazatec  mi'ii  are  timid;  women  are  less  so  and  far 
nioi'c  frank. 


44  Physical  Characters  of  Indians  of  Southern  Mexico 


FIG. 


MAZ.VTEC:   HUAUHTL.V,  ST.VTE  OF  OAXACA 


TABLE    XXIV.        MAZATECS 


Men  (100) 

Women  (25) 

Mean 

Max. 

Min. 

Mean 

Max. 

Min. 

Stature  

Height  of  shoulder 

Tip  of  second  linger 

Finger  reach 

1,551.3 

1,274.6 

565.3 

1,617.6 

815.2 

360.6 

181.5 

150.9 

174.0 

112.9 

142.1 

48.5 

,39.1 

62.1 

1,664 

1,394 

636 

1,760 

888 

401 

195 

165 

194 

127 

154 

57 

50 

72 

1,433 

1,174 

509 

1,.505 

754 

328 

164 

141 

154 

103 

i:!() 

41 

30 

53 

1,452.7 

1,187.7 

548.6 

1,472.5 

772.2 

3.^3.5 

177.4 

147.0 

170.6 

107  4 

l.'ili.O 

44.2 

.36.8 

60.3 

1,532 

1,265 

603 

1,584 

811 

369 

187 

159 

190 

117 

140 

52 

42 

69 

1,360 
1,095 

495 
1,395 

727 

Width  of  shoulders 

Ijtmgth  of  head       

294 
164 

Breadth  of  head 

Height  of  face  (a) 

Height  of  face  (6) 

IJreaiith  of  face 

140 
156 
100 
130 

39 

Breadth  of  nose 

Length  of  ear 

30 
■54 

45.5 
104.1 
52.5 
22.9 
&3.2 
81.7 
125.9 
80.8 

48.1 

110.1 

56.1 

25.7 

41.3 
99.7 
49.4 
21  3 

43.9 

101.3 

.53.1 

22  9 

46.2 

105.9 

55.3 

'25  7 

41.4 

Finger  reach  inde.ii 

Sitting  height  index  .... 
Shoukler  intle.v 

96.8 
.50.2 
20  3 

Cephalic  index 

93.9        ',        74.8 

93.0        1        72.2 

143.2              105.6 

102.0                61.4 

82.9              90.2 
80.1              88.7 

76.5 
72  4 

Facial  index  (/)) 

126.6             1.36.6        1       114.5 

Nasal  index 

a3.4       1         95.0         1         73  1 

94 


Frederick  Starr 


45 


IKi 


I'loi'KiirA;  iiri;iiii;i  I,  A.  .w  »ii;  ok  hidalgo 


THE   TEPEHUAS 

Tlie  Tepehuas  arc  of  littli»  stature,  suli-liraehycephalic,  and  mesorhinian.  Their 
arms  arc  loii<^  and  tlicir  tini;cr-rcacli  index  nears  the  n])|)er  limit  in  our  list.  The  hair 
is  straight  and  black;  only  four  cases  of  thc^  least  s[)rinkling  of  gray  wtTO  observed. 
There  were  twenty  cases  where  the  beard  was  more  or  less  grayed.  The  formula  of 
beard  growth  is:  medium,  none, scanty  t(j  medium;  medium.  The  eyes  are  moderately 
separated,  dark  brown  and,  in  a  dozen  cases  only,  slightly  oblique.  The  nose  is 
usually  aquiline,  but  is  neither  large  nor  high;  the  line  of  union  between  nose  and 
forehead  is  of  medium  height  and  ln-iadtli:  the  ridge  of  the  n<)S(>  is  occasionally 
sinuous;  the  ti])  is  thick.  The  upper  lip  is  often  notably  thick  and  projecting.  The 
ear  is  variable  in  respect  of  standing  otf  from  the  head;  the  border  of  the  upper 
section  of  the  helix  is  rolled  in  and  thick,  that  of  the  lower  section  flat  and  thick;  the 
lobe  is  large,  mostly  attached,  and  round.  The  color  is  constant  at  (24)  in  fifty  per 
cent,  of  cases. 

Women  present  niucii  the  same  type.  Twenty-one  women  had  borne  one  hundred 
and  nine  children,  of  wlioni  lifty-two  had  died;  oni'  woman  was  childless.  Almost 
everyone  of  this  tril)e  had  lost  one  or  more  incisor  teeth;  this  loss  was  generally 
attributed  to  the  eating  of  ixinrhi.  lirowTi  cake  sugar,  of  which  tliey  are  inordinately  fond. 

95 


46 


Physic.\l  ('h.\k.\cters  of  Indi.^n.'!  of  Southern  Mexico 


TABLE    XXV. 


TEPEHUAS 


Men  (ion) 

Women  (2.5) 

Mean 

Max. 

Min. 

Mean 

Max. 

Min. 

Stature 

1,559.7 

1,284.5 

568.5 

1,632.0 

828.5      ^ 

.^57.0 

180.0 

151.2 

173.4 

113.7 

142.1 

47.7 

38.6 

61.7 

1.685 

1,405 

622 

1.790 

890 

403 

194 

164 

194 

137 

151 

55 

47 

74 

1,470 

1,204 

500 

1,512 

760 

313 

168 

136 

153 

97 

126 

32 

29 

52 

1,435.4 

1,182.8 

537.5 

1,478.4 

768.2 

328.8 

174.8 

148.0 

166.3 

103.8 

138.2 

42.8 

.34.9 

59.0 

1,536 

1,287 

.590 

1.594 

820 

354 

184 

159 

180 

114 

148 

49 

.39 

66 

1..362 

Height  of  shoulder 

Tip  of  second  finger 

Finger-reach     .  .    .  . 

1,129 

4a3 

1,.379 

Height,  sitting 

728 

Width  of  shoulders 

297 
167 

Breadth  of  head 

Height  of  face  («l 

Height  of  face  (6) 

Breadth  of  face 

139 

138 

94 

128 

Height  of  no.se 

Breadth  of  nose 

Length  of  ear  

.36 
.31 
51 

Arm  index 

45.8 
104.5 
53.0 
22.8 
84.0 
82.1 
125.4 
80.7 

51.2 

109.7 
58.2 
25.1 
92.4 
93.5 

150.8 
97  7 

42.9 
99.8 
50.4 
21.0 
75.2 
73.1 
103.6 
ra  0 

44.6 
102.9 
53.6 
22.8 
84.6 
82.3 
1.33.3 
81.5 

47.5 
107.9 
58.1 
24.0 
93.5 
91.9 
1.V).7 
97.5 

42.1 

Finger-reach  index 

Sitting-height  index 

Shoulder  index 

Cephalic  index 

Facial  index  (a) 

Facial  index  \b) 

Nasal  inde.v 

93.0 
51.1 
20.9 
77.4 
74.1 
123.3 
68.3 

THE  TOTOXACS 

The  Totonacs  are  of  little  stature,  supra-bracliycephalie.  having  the  largest  index 
observed  among  our  tribes  (85. it),  and  mesorhiniau.  The  arm,  linger- reach,  and 
sitting-height  indices  are  all  high.  The  Totonacs  \ho  in  close  contact  with  the 
Tepehuas,  and  we  expected  close  resemblance  between  the  two  tribes.  They  present, 
however,  some  striking  points  of  dissimilarity.  The  hair  is  straight  and  black:  only 
one  case  of  gray  and  six  of  gray-sprinkling  were  observed.  The  head  remains  black 
even  after  the  beard  is  white,  and  a  gray  head  signifies  real  age.  The  hair  on  the  top 
of  the  head  rarely  thins.  The  beard  was  gray  in  eleven  cases,  and  brown  or  brown- 
black  in  live;  frequently  the  ti{)  <jf  beard  liair  was  brown  or  redtlish-V)rown  when  the 
rest  of  the  same  hair  was  black.  The  beard  distribution  was  after  the  formula  — 
medium,  none,  medium ;  medium.  The  eyes  are  widely  spaced,  dark  brown,  and,  in 
ten  cases  only,  oblique.  The  nose,  often  aquiline,  is  usually  low;  the  line  of  iniion 
with  the  forehead  ranges  from  high  to  medium,  and  has  medium  breadth :  the  narrow 
ridge  often  extends  as  a  beak  beyond  the  ala'.  The  lips  are  thick:  the  chin  is  often 
retreating.  These  two  features  combined  render  a  notable  prognathism  common. 
The  ear  is  round  and  g,lose  to  the  head;. the  border  of  the  upper  ))art  <>f  the  helix  is 
thin  (-thick)  and  rolled  in;  that  of  the  lower  part  is  flat  and  thick:  the  lobe  is  large, 
attached,  and  round.  The  cheek-bones  are  broad  and  high;  the  face  tapers  downward. 
Broad  lower  fac(>s  and  heavy  jaw  angles,  so  common  among  flic  T(']]ehnas.  arc  unusual 


Fbedebick  Stabr 


47 


Klli.  :;).    TOTONVI   :    I' ANTKI'EC.  .ST.\TE  OK  PUEBL.V 


T.\BLE    .XXVI 

TOTON.\CS 

Men  (100)                                                                 Wcimi.s  ._>:,, 

Mean 

Max. 

Min.                   Mean                   Max.          i           Min. 

1,.573.4 

1..300.2 

581.0 

1,6.38.2 

&37.6 

359.1 

179.2 

153.8 

178.8 

115.9 

145.3 

49.4 

.39  0 

ca  2 

1,669 

1.488               1.430.5       1        1.5:«                 1..332 

HciKlit  of  slioiikU'r 

Tip  of  .second  Hn{,'i'r 

1,.386               1.214              1.173.8             1,265        '•       1,084 

619                  5.30                .526.5                tX)8                  461 

1,789                l..-)2S               1.475.9              l.,-)78                1,367 

HciK'lit,  sittiiiK 

918                   789         j         7.59.4                 817                   717 

VViilth  of  shoulders 

Lcn;;tli  of  hc.-ul 

lircailth  of  head 

Hi'IkIu  of  face  («) 

Hii^'lit  of  face  (6) 

Uri'adtli  of  fac-e 

Height  rif  nose 

401                  .317                .328.2      1          .357 
109                  164                 173.5                IS] 
165                  140                149.8                nil 
206                   1.53                 168.8                 180 
129                   10.3                 11K;.(!                 118 
1.58                   l.T)                 1:J8.1                  148 
.56                     42                   45.2                   51 
47                     .33                   .f)  ()       ,            41 

295 
165 
i:!8 
1.58 

97 
1.30 

40 

28 

74 

54         ;          61.0      1            68 

54 

Arm  index 

45.5 
104.1 
.53.2 
22.7 
85.9 
81.4 
125.6 
79.1 

48  3 

43  2                      45  2        '          48  4 

.39.2 

Finder  roaoh  index 

Sitting  height  inde.v 

BhouldtT  index 

110.0                99.4 
.56.2                50.7 
25.1                19.7 
95.8        1        76.5 
94.7                73.8 

1.38.8               114.0 

un.l              107.6 
.■)3.0               .55.7 
22.9              25.3 
86.4      1        92.7 
81.8      1        87.5 

129.7             142.5 

98.5 
49.4 
21.0 

Cejilialii'  index 

Facial  index  i(t). 

76.(> 
75 . 1 

Facial  index  (hi 

113.6 

97.7                 60.7 

77.7              97.5 

58.3 

97 


48  Physical  Charactebs  of  Indians  of  Southern  Mexico 

amono;  the  Totonacs.      The  color  of  the  skin  is  at  f24)  in  more  tlian  two-thirds  of  the 
subjects. 

Women  are  notably  small ;  many  are  prognathic.  The  hair  nf  all  women,  who 
have  reached  the  age  of  thirty  years,  is  tij)})ed  with  brown  or  r(>ddish-brown.  Twenty- 
three  mothers  had  borne  one  hundred  and  thirty-one  children,  of  whom  sixty-tive  had 
survived;  two  women  were  barren. 


THE    HUAXTECS 

The  Huaxtecs,  of  Tancoco,  Vera  Cruz,  present  a  well  marked  type  —  presumably 
that  of  the  tribe  as  a  whole.  They  are  of  little  stature,  and  truly  brachycephalic. 
The  head  is  short  and  broad,  but  it  is  also  notably  flat  behind.  The  hair  is  straight  and 
black,  but  subjects,  from  thirty  years  of  age  upward,  often  show  a  sprinkling  of  gray. 
There  is  often  no  beard  upon  the  lower  cheeks,  and  that  of  the  upper  cheeks  is  sparse 
and  straggling  until  middle  life;  the  chin  beard  is  usually  confined  to  the  tip  and  central 
line,  but  grows  to  a  considerable  length ;  the  moustache  is  permitted  to  grow  long, 
but  is  rarely  heavy.  The  eyes  are  dark  brown,  rather  widely  spaced,  and  often 
mongoloid;  occasionally  they  are  oblique,  but  dipping  slightly  at  the  outer  instead  of 
the  inner  corners;  the  eye-slit  is  often  narrow.  The  nose,  in  younger  subjects,  is  flat, 
wide,  and  with  broad  nostrils;  beyond  forty  years  of  age  it  may  become  aquiline. 
The  mouth  is  large,  and  the  lips  are  thick;  this  thickness  is  in  a  vertical  direction, 
and  the  lips  project  little,  if  at  all.  The  face,  as  a  whole,  is  flat,  broad,  and  even 
square.  The  ear  is  well  shaped,  but  usually  stands  quite  off  from  the  head;  the 
helix  border  is  thick,  and  the  rather  large  lobe  is  round  and  attached.  Tlie  skin  color 
is  light;  the  ground  tint  is  (23),  or  (23)  to  (24),  but  there  is  always  a  mixture  of  gray 
—  (7)  or  (8)  — with  it. 

Women  present  much  the  same  type,  but  their  color  lacks  the  gray  tint  so  notice- 
able in  the  men,  and  is  constant  at  (23)  to  (24).  Fifteen  women  had  borne  fifty-five 
children,  of  whom  twenty-two  were  dead.  This  series  of  women  was  unusually  young, 
and  this  number  is  probably  too  small;  we  doubt,  however,  whether  the  fertility  is 
great,  as  the  Huaxtecs  are  clearly  losing  ground. 

The  Huaxtec  language  belongs  to  the  Maya  family,  and  the  tribe  is  considered  a 
northward  migrant  from  that  great  group.  We  here  place  the  indices  and  stature  of 
the  Huaxtecs  and  Mayas  side  by  side: 

Arm        FiuBer-roacli    Sitting-heinht    .Shoulder       Ciiphalic         Facial  (fc)  Nasal  Stature 


Huaxtecs 

45.3 

103.7 

52.8 

22.S 

84.4 

79.1 

125.1 

78.3 

1570.3 

Mayas 

46. 

105.6 

51.7 

23.1 

85.0 

83.4 

130.4 

77.5 

1552.4 

The  differences  are  notable:  in  one  or  two  indices  oidy  do  the  two  tribes  come  some- 
what near  together;  they  are  frequently  far  apart.  Comparison  with  some  other 
tribe  than  tiie  Mayas,  of  the  same  family,  might  prove  suggestive. 

98 


Frederick  St.\rr 


49 


FiO.  2.-I.    HIWXTEC:  T.VNCOCO,  ST.VTE  OF  VER.V  (RfZ 
T.\BLE    XXVII.       HUAXTECS 


Men  (100)                              I                             Women  (20) 

Mean 

Max. 

Min.          ,         Mean 

Max. 

Min. 

Stature 

Height  of  shoulder 

Tip  of  second  tint;er 

l..-)70.3 

1,296.3 

582.8 

1,630.0 

a30.8 

.359.2 

177.8 

1.50,1 

177.5 

11.3,4 

141.9 

48.9 

.38.1 

63.5 

1,693 

1,390 

656 

1.791 

1,413             1,472.7 

1,147              1,-213,0 

515                 555 . 1 

1..lTfi               1  .5in  H 

1,5.^3 

1,273 

617 

1,572 

827 

.357 

180 

1.58 

ISO 

11.3 

14.3 

4« 

1,403 

1.146 

502 

1,.'»8 

Heifxht,  sittint; 

916                   7;!8                 774.5 
.396        1          .324                :i27.2 
196                    HW                  ICil  .1 

731 

Width  of  slioiilders 

305 
155 

lire.-idtli  of  lu-ad 

IIci(.'ht  of  fnce(o) 

Heit,dit  of  faee  (6) 

Hreadtli  of  face 

}lei<'ht  of  no.se 

164 
194 

i:» 

152 

56 

14U                  145. S 
154                167.9 
101                1(X3.8 
KM                 1.34.2 
4.1                       4->  4 

138 

155 

96 

129 

Hreadtli  of  nose 

44                     28                   .35  2                   1(1 
71                    57                  5s  ;.                  Ill 

.31 
54 

Arm  index 

Finger  reacli  inde.v 

Sitting  hc'ight  index 

Shoulder  index 

Cephahe  index 

Facial  index!") 

45.3 
103.7 
.52.8 
22,8 
84.4 
79.1 
125,1 
78.3 

48,4 
109,0 
55.9 
24.8 
95.7 
9(1.7 
147.5 

40.0 
99.5 
49.7 
20.9 
75 , 7 
72.6 
115.5 

44,7 

102,0 

52,5 

22,1 

86.2 

80.3 

128,5 

48.9 
106.5 
54.1 
23.4 
93.8 
87.7 
140,6 
97,4 

41,9 
97.7 
50,4 
20,6 
77.9 
72.8 
118,1 

Nasal  index 

102.5 

.57,1 

S.3.2 

72,3 

99 


TA)  Physical  Characters  or  Indians  of  Sotthern  Mexico 


FIG.26.    MAYA:    TEKAX,  STATE  OF  YICATAN 


THE  MAYAS 

The  Mayas  are  of  little  stature,  with  not  one  tall  subject  in  the  series.  Their 
arms  are  the  longest  observed,  and  the  finger-reach  is  the  maximum,  at  1(I5.().  They 
are  next  to  the  maximum  in  shoulder-breadth  index.  Their  facial  indices  are  the 
largest  of  our  list,  and  their  cephalic  index  next  to  the  maximum.  They  have  been 
characterized  elsewhere  as  "short,  dark,  ami  brachycephalic."  Short  and  brachy- 
cephalic  they  certainly  are,  but  hardly  dark.  There  are  no  cases  at  (Ki),  so  com- 
monly reached  by  some  of  our  tribes;  the  most  frequent  color  is  (23)  or  (28)  to  (2-t). 
The  hair  is  black  and  straight ;  in  six  cases  the  color  was  lighter  or  gray,  and  in  fifteen 
cases  it  showed  a  tendency  toward  wavy  or  curly.  The  beard  was  lighter  in  nineteen 
cases.  The  growth  of  the  beard  is  moderately  strong,  and  its  distribution  much  as 
usual  —  scanty  to  medium  on  the  upper  cheeks,  absent  from  the  lower  cheeks,  scanty 
or  medium  upon  the  chin,  and  medium  to  full  in  the  moustache.  The  eyes  are  dark- 
brown  and  widely  separated;  one-half  the  subjects  presented  a  notable  obliquity, 
though  the  character  tends  to  disappear  with  age;  in  children  it  is  almost  universal 
and  well  marked.  The  nose  is  aquiline,  though  low,  flat,  and  wide;  the  bridge  is 
long,  sometimes  sinuous,  and  often  projects  as  a  c(>ntral  beak  beyond  the  ahe.  Lips 
are  of  moderate  thickness  and  do   not   project   much.      The  ear  is  well  shajjcd  and 

100 


Frederick  Starb 


51 


stands  well  off  from  the  head;  the  helix  border  is  thick,  and  is  rolled  in  above  antl  fiat 
below;  the  lobe  is  of  fair  size,  and  is  attached  in  about  one-half  the  cases.  While  the 
heads  are  brachycephalic,  they  are  rarely  flat  behind. 

The  subjeet  represented  in  the  cut  on  the  preceding  r^S^  (^^n-  2^)  presents  a 
well  marked  sub-ty[)e  which  is  rather  common.  In  tliis  type  the  large  round  eyes  are 
widely  spaced,  and  almost  stand  off  from  the  sides  of  the  face;  the  nose  projects  but 
little,  and  the  chin  still  le.ss,  so  that  the  profile  presents  an  almost  continuous  simple 
curve. 

It  is  claimed  that  pure  Mayas  have  a  purple  spot  in  the  sacral  region,  on  the 
back,  which  is  called  by  the  native  name  nils.  If  such  a  spot  exists  it  is  probably  an 
infantile  character  like  the  similar  spots  wliieh  have  been  described  among  Japanese, 
Eskimo,  and  utlier  mongoloitl  peoples.  We  examined  three  subjects  expressly  to  find 
this  spot  and  fnuiid  no  trace  of  it ;  tlie  youngest  of  our  subjects,  however,  was  ten  years 
old,  and  it  is  not  unlikely  that  babies  may  be  marked  in  this  fashion.  Among  the 
hundred  subjects  examined  by  us  we  noticed  that  the  little  toe  is  often  extremely 
shoit. 

The  women  of  tliis  tribe  [)resent  no  features  which  call  for  special  comment. 
Twenty-three  mothers  out  of  the  twenty-five  of  our  list  had  borne  a  total  of  one 
hundred  and  thirty-three  childi'en,  of  whom  fifty-five  had  died;  one  woman  was 
unmarried. 

TABLE    XXVin.        MAYAS 


Men  (100) 

Women  (2.1) 

Mean 

Max. 

Min. 

Mean 

Max. 

Min. 

Stature     

1,552.4 

l,2a3.0 

567.7 

1,641.2 

803.7 

.362.1 

181.8 

1.54.1 

173.4 

110.6 

144.2 

48.6 

.37.5 

61.7 

1,675 

1,410 

661 

1,7.58 

887 

:»2 

197 

168 

191 

124 

1.56 

60 

42 

76 

1.4.52 

1.182 

497 

1,495 

7.55 

.318 

165 

1.35 

1.52 

99 

1.35 

42 

.33 

50 

1,415.2 

1,165.2 

.528.4 

1,482.4 

728.9 

.325.4 

174.9 

148.7 

174.7 

101.2 

V.MiM 

43.3 

;».2 

61.2 

1.500 

1,246 

595 

1,560 

793 

.353 

ia3 

161 

186 

108 

145 

52 

41 

73 

],a3i 

1,074 
460 

1,415 
677 

Height  of  .■shoulder 

Tij)  of  second  finder 

Finder  reach  

Widtli  of  shoulders 

Tx^HL'th  of  head            .... 

287 
167 

Breadth  of  head 

Hcif,'th  of  face  (a) 

Height  of  face  (6) 

lircadth  of  face 

141 
155 

91 
1.30 

37 

lircadth  of  nose 

Licntrth  of  ear 

29 
56 

46.0 

105.6 

.51.7 

23.1 

a5.o 

8:14 

1.30.4 

77.5 

48.5 
111.7 
54.5 
25. .3 
94.6 
95.0 
147.1 
93.0 

42.7 
100.2 
47.9 
21.0 
75.2 
.59.6 
111.5 
&3.3 

44.9 

104.7 

51,5 

22.9 

85.0 

78.4 

1.35.4 

81.8 

49.1 

111.4 

55.2 

24.8 

89.4 

87.7 

152.1 

105.1 

42.9 

Fint^'or-rcach  index 

Sitting  heif^'ht  index 

99.6 
48.6 
20.6 

Cephalic  index 

Kaoial  ind('\  in) . 

78.6 
71.5 

Facial  index  (6) 

126.1 

68.8 

101 


52 


Physical  Characters  of  Ikdians  of  Southern  Mexico 


FIG.  'JT.     ZOQl'E:    TUXTLA  (il'TIEKK  i:/„  STATE  OF  CHIAPAS 


THE  ZOQUES 

Tlie  type  of  the  Zoques  is  not  clearly  defined.  They  are  amonij  the  taller  tribes, 
haviiiij;  a  mean  stature  of  l,r>0()mm.,  and  only  forty-nine  of  the  hundred  subjects  fall- 
ing within  the  group  of  little  statures.  In  regard  to  all  other  measurements  they 
occupy  an  intermediate  position.  The  skin  color  is  light :  (  28 )  is  the  most  common 
tint,  and  (23-13)  is  next  in  fre(juency:  women  are  a  little  lighter  than  men.  The 
hair  grays  rather  readily,  and  cases  where  it  is  slightly  wavy  or  I'urly  are  not  rare. 
The  beard  is  sc-anty  and  straggling,  or  is  entirely  at)si>nt,  although  the  moustache  is 
fairly  abundant.  The  eyes  are  dark  brown  and  widely  spaced;  even  a  slight  amount 
of  oljliquity  is  uncommon,  and  when  it  occurs  is  mostly  in  young  subjects.  The  root 
of  the  nose  is  seldom  depressed,  but  it  is  never  really  high :  the  bridge  is  straight, 
with  a  suggestion  of  concavity  in  young  subjects,  but  becomes  Iwldly  aquiline  and 
prominent  in  old  persons.  The  upper  lip  is  often  notably,  the  lower  feebly,  developed; 
the  lips  project  little,  and  when  they  are  thick  the  thickness  is  vertical.  The  chin  is 
often  weak.  The  lower  face  is  frequently  broad,  even  as  much  so  as  the  face  at  the 
level  of  the  cheek-bones.  The  rather  low  forehead  is  frequently  retreating,  anil,  when 
this  character  is  combined  with  wide  cheek-bones  and  a  slight  occipital  flatness,  gives 
an  impression  of  acroce[)haly.      This  combination  is  not  rare.      The  I'ar  stands  well  off 

102 


Frederick  Stabb 


53 


TABLE    XXIX.       ZOQUES 


Men  (100) 

Women  (2o) 

Mean 

Max. 

Mill. 

Moan 

Max.                    Min. 

Stature          

1,600.0 

1,.316.8 

591.0 

1,651.8 

841.8 

356.9 

182.3 

146.2 

175.7 

113.2 

139.5 

62.3 

.37.8 

62.4 

1,766 

1.442 

1.474.8 

1.586                 1..372 

Height  of  ,-hi)iilder 

Hip  of  second  tinker  .... 
J*^in£;er-reach 

1,420               1,182             1.210.5              l,:il)0               1.120 

646         1           .51)1                 .564.0                 618                   498 

1,785               1.4G9              1.497.5      1       1,619               1..398 

Height,  sitting 

Width  of  shoulders 

Length  of  head   

908 

,393 

196 

161 

194 

127 

1,54 

76 

44 

76 

721 

318 

171 

132 

155 

102 

127 

54 

.32 

54 

791.0                845                  717 
.3.31.1       1           .367                   298 
175.7                 185                   1(5.3 

Breadth  of  head 

Height  of  face  (a) 

Height  of  face  (/)) 

Breadth  of  face 

143.1                  1.51 
172.0                 193 
106.5                 113 
1.38.0                141 
46.0      i            51 

1.35 
154 

97 
125 

40 

Breadth  of  nose 

.35.2 
58.5 

.39 
64 

31 
53 

Arm  index     

45.4 

103.2 

52.5 

22.2 

80.2 

79.9 

123.2 

77.4 

52.6 

108.6 
,56.2 
25.4 
89.5 
92.2 

1.37.5 
95.3 

43.3 
96.6 

48.2 
19.7 
69.4 
69.5 
109.0 

43.8 

100.9 

53.7 

22.4 

81.4 

77.9 

126.1 

47.5 
106.2 
56.4 
23.8 
86.3 
84.8 
140.2 

42.0 

Finger-reach  inde.'? 

Sitting-height  inde.x  ... 

Shoulder  index 

Cephalic  index 

Facial  index  («) 

Faciiil  index  lb)        

94.0 
50.5 
20.1 
76.7 
70.7 
116.3 

Xasal  index 

61.1                  76.9      j        92.5 

64.0 

froiH  till-  lu'ad:  llii'  ii|i|»t  section  nf  tlie  helix  border  is  tliiii  and  lulled  in.  while  the 
lower  Beetion  is  thick  and  Hat:  Ihe  lohe  is  laru^e.  attached,  and  nmnd  (-s(|uarel;  it  is 
not  uiifrequently  free. 

Women  present  few  |ieculiar  features  for  consideration.  Their  nose  is  lar<;;e  and 
aquiline  in  a  dej^ree  unusual  in  the  sex;  they  are  somewhat  prognathic,  though  the 
lijjs  protrude  little,  being  thick  vertically.  Large  families  —  ten,  twelve,  thirteen 
children  —  are  not  rare.  Among  our  subjects  were  five  unmarried  women;  the  remain- 
ing twenty  Inid  lini-n<>  une  hundred  and  forty-tliree  children,  uf  wIkhii  fifty-six  had 
died.  The  number  uf  unmarried  women  is  the  largest  we  have  observed.  Women 
generally  show  great  asymmetry  oi  shoulders,  one  being  much  higher  than  the  other; 
a  wnnian  not  thus  affected  is  the  exception.  We  attribute  the  condition  to  the  peculiar 
mode  in  wliicli  these  women  carry  babies.  The  child  is  slung  at  one  side,  hung  in  a 
cloth  band,  which  passes  over  the  opp<isite  shoidder. 

I'iiild  is  a  common  disease  among  Zoques.  occurring  in  Ixitli  men  and  wouien. 
No  cases  of  the  red  forni  were  seen,  but  tlie  white  and  the  blue  were  fieciuent.  and 
frequently  occur  in  the  same  individual.  The  l)lue  is  most  noticeai)le  upon  the  face, 
where  it  forms  coniiecte<l  patches,  confluent  reticulations,  and  "  i>owder-dotting." 
Where  blue  |)into  affects  the  face,  the  hands  and  feet  are  quite  likely  to  be  blotched 
with  white.  In  a  few  cases  both  kinds  affected  the  extremities,  which  were  sometimes 
a  mass  of  distinct  or  indistinct  color-l)lotchiiig.  Thirteen  cases  were  noted  among  the 
hundred  men,  and  six  among  the  Iwenly-tive  women. 

103 


u 


Physic.vl  Ch.\r.\cter.s  of  In'di.\ns  of  Southern  Mexico 


On  account  of  their  linguistic   relationsliij)  <i  comparison   of  the  indices  of  the 
Zoques  and  Mixes  becomes  interesting.      When  we  place  the  indices  side  by  side  we 


find  a  fair  amount  of  agreement. 

Arm            KiiiBcr-reaeli    SittiiiK-heitiht  Shoulder  Cephalic  Facial 

Zoque           45.4              103.2             52.5              22.2  80.2  79.9 

Mixe             44.6             104.3             52.1             22.6  81.8  81.8 


(())  Nasal 

123.2  77.4 

122.9  78.8 


THE  TZOTZILS 
In  most  respects  the  Tzotzils  occupy  an  intermediate  position.  They  have  a  great 
sitting  height,  short  arms,  and  noses  that  are  next  to  the  broadest  observed.  They 
give  the  impression  of  having  long  heads,  and  in  reality  are  only  surpassed  in  actual 
head-length  by  the  Otomis;  as  their  stature  is  twenty-two  millimeters  less  than  that  of 
the  Otomis,  this  impression  is  really  justified.  The  head  is,  however,  relatively 
narrow.  More  than  half  of  the  suVjjects  have  the  color  ('2;ij ;  more  than  half  the 
remainder  are  at  (23-13) ;  they  are  notably  lighter  than  their  neighbors  and  linguistic 
relatives,  the  Tzendals.  There  were  fourteen  cases  where  the  hair  was  more  or  less 
gray,  but  only  one  where  it  was  anything  but  straight.  The  beard  is  rather  abundant; 
upon  the  upper  cheeks  there  is  a  medium  growth,  the  lower  cheeks  are  generally  bare, 


the  moustache  growth  is  medium.      The  eyes 
While  the  f(jrm  of  the  nose  is  quite  uniform, 


the  chin  beard  is  medium  or  even  full 
are  widely  separated  and  often  olilique. 
the  line  of  its  junction  with  the  forehead  varies;  on  the  whole  it  is  of  medium  height 


TABLE    XXX. 


TZOTZILS 


Men  (100) 

Women  (25) 

Meau 

Max. 

Min. 

Meau 

Max. 

Min. 

1,559.0 

1,291.0 

588.2 

1,603.4 

&30.3 

.346.9 

188.1 

144.6 

175.2 

113.3 

140.9 

48.1 

40.5 

62.1 

1,669 

1,421 

671 

1,725 

890 

379 

200 

I.jG 

201 

132 

156 

60 

46 

76 

1,445 

1,165 

507 

1,447 

745 

309 

177 

1.35 

152 

99 

1.30 

42 

.^3 

54 

1,441.3 

1,181.3 

545.4 

1,452.6 

783.6 

.320.1 

179.7 

1.38.1 

166.8 

11)6.0 

1.32.7 

43.1 

;i5.5 

58.1 

1,5.30 

1,281 

593 

1,562 

872 

.350 

191 

147 

187 

117 

144 

48 

:» 

65 

1,.373 

Height  of  .shoulder 

Tip  of  second  linger 

Finfjer-reach 

Height,  sitting         . . 

1,129 
508 

1,.340 
7.34 

Width  of  shoulders 

280 
172 

Breadth  of  head 

Height  of  face  (a) 

Height  of  face  (/)) 

Breadth  of  face 

1.30 
151 

100 
124 

Height  of  nose 

38 

.33 

Ear  length 

52 

Ann  index 

45.0 
102.7 
53.2 
22.2 
76.9 
80.6 
124.7 
84.8 

49.3 

106.7 

58.3 

24.3 

82.7 

93.4 

144.4 

104.5 

41.2 
96.7 
49.1 
19.7 
68.5 
69.0 
107.5 
a3.4 

44.0 
100.7 
.54.2 
22.1 
76.8 
80.3 
125.3 
82.6 

47.2 

105.2 
60.5 
24.1 
81.9 
89.4 
142.5 
100.0 

41.2 

Finger-reach  index 

Sitting-height  index 

Shoulder  index 

Oephalic  indt'X. 

95.3 
51.0 
20.4 
71.9 

71.6 

Facial  index  (/>). 

110.7 

Nasal  index 

73.3 

104 


Frederick  Starr 


00 


KKi.  -.'h.    TZOTZIl.:  (  llAMTLA,  STATE  OF  CHIAPAS 

and  width,  hut  clearly  tends  to  high  and  medium  or  even  high  and  narrow;  the  nose 
itself  is  low  antl  Hat,  with  a  short  and  thick  tip.  The  lips  are  thick,  and  the  U|)per  lip 
often  [)rojects  notably.  There  is  little  prognathism.  The  ear,  which  lies  clo.se  to  the 
head,  is  little  and  well  shaped;  the  border  of  the  helix  is  thick,  and  is  rolled  inward 
above,  tiat  below;  the  lobe  is  large,  attached,  and  round. 

Women  show  few  points  which  need  consideration.  Their  ni>se  is  lower  and 
thicker  at  the  tip:  their  lips  are  more  projecting;  they  present  greater  prognathism; 
and  their  ears  stand  nil'  more.  The  answei's  secured  regarding  families  are  entitled  to 
no  consideration. 


THK    TZENDALS 

In  stature  at  looT.l  the  Tzentlals  are  among  the  shorter  of  our  tribes;  only  one 
case  in  the  hundred  was  tall,  while  75  per  cent,  were  of  "little  stature."  Their 
sittintr-height  is  onlv  surpassed  bv  that  of  the  Chinantecs.  The  arms  are  lonir  and 
the  finger-reach  is  great.  The  color  is  a  tine  dark-brown;  it  is  more  uniform  than  in 
most  tribes;  more  than  one-half  the  subjects  were  at  (1<>)  ^"^  ^  eonsiderable  part  of 
the  others  were  at  (13).  The  hair  is  straight  and  black;  in  ten  cases  it  was  slightly 
wavy  or  curly  and  in  six  of  these  it  was  gray  or  s{)rinkled  with  gray.  Little  or  no 
beard  a|)pears  liefore  twenty-five  years;  at  its  first  appearand'  it  is  scanty  and  nnlv  on 

105 


56 


Physical  Characters  of  Indians  of  Southern  Mexico 


FIG.  2».    TZENDAL:  TENE.IAPA,  STATE  OF  CHIAPAS 

the  upper  cheeks  and  on  the  upper  lip;  at  from  thirty  to  thirty-five,  there  is  a  medium 
growth  on  the  upper  cheeks,  none  on  the  lower,  scanty  and  short  on  the  chin,  while 
the  moustache  is  from  scanty  to  medium  and  short.  The  beard  grays  earlier  than 
the  hair  of  the  head;  a  single  subject  only  approached  baldness.  The  head  is  actually 
long,  but  the  cephalic  index,  76.8,  is  the  minimum  observed;  only  l-t  per  cent,  reach 
brachycephaly.  The  maximum  face-breadth  and  head-breadth  are  much  the  same  and 
were,  in  many  cases,  identical.  The  face  is  generally  prognathic  and  the  lips  are 
thick  and  protruding.  The  nose  is  medium  or  short,  and  thick  at  the  tip;  the  line  at 
the  junction  of  the  nose  and  forehead  is  moderately  high  and  the  nose  is  there  of 
medium  width.  The  eyes  are  widely  separated  and  about  one-fifth  of  the  subjects 
showed  a  slight  degree  of  obliquity.  Out  of  one  hundred  subjetts  three  had  lost  one 
eye  by  intlninmations.  The  ear  is  round,  of  medium  size,  and  close  to  the  head;  the 
border  of  the  ujiper  portion  of  the  helix  is  roUed-in  and  thick:  that  of  the  lower  part 
is  thick  and  flat;  the  lobe  is  from  large  to  medium,  attached  and  round. 

In  women  the  color  runs  close  to  (23)  with  some  cases  tending  to  (13)  or  (15). 
Out  of  twenty-five  women  three  were  unmarried  and  four  were  barren,  the  remaining 
eiffhteen  had  borne  seventy-four  children,  of  whom  thirtv-two  liad  died.  The  eves  of 
women  were  notably  spaced  and  in  four  cases  were  slightly  oblinuc  The  nose  is 
rather  wide,  and   of  medium   lu-iglit  between  the  eyes,  with  short  and  thick  tip.     The 

106 


Frederick  Starr 


57 


lips  are  ratlit'r  tliick  and  tin-  uj)j)cr  projects.  The  ears  are  round,  of  iiiediiiin  size  and 
well-shaped;  tlu'  Imrder  of  tlu'  helix  is  thick  and  its  u])per  part  rolled-in,  the  lower 
part  flat;  the  lohe  is  iiirdium  or  iar^'e.  aftached,  and     -generally — round. 

The  type  of  tlu>  T/.i'ndals.  on  the  whole,  presents  considerable  resemblance  to 
that  of  the  Tzotzils,  their  close  neighbors,  geographically  and  linguistically.  Their 
heads,  though  large,  are  slightly  smaller  than  those  of  the  Tzotzils;  the  impression 
made  to  the  eye  is  considerably  in  favor  of  the  latter.  A  greater  vaiiation  in  the 
Tzeudals.  in  ten  out  of  fourteen  measurements,  suggests  that  the  T/,endals  have  mixed 
more  with  other  tribes  than  the  Tzotzils  have  —  or.  at  least,  that  th(>  ])eo])le  of  Tene- 
japa  have  mixed  more  than  those  of  C'luunula.  In  liotli  of  the  facial  indices  the 
Tzendals  are  superior;  this  greater  face-breadth,  associated  with  a  slightlv  less  cephalic 
index,  is  curious.  The  tribes  are  quite  close  together  in  sitting-height,  which  is  rather 
large.  Though  the  Tzendals  are  a  little  shorter,  they  have  longer  arms  and  a  greater 
finger-reach  than  the  Tzotzils.  There  is  a  greater  difference  in  slujulder-width  than 
we  should  expect. 

TABLE    XXXI.       TZENDALS 


Stature 

Ilfifjht  of  shoulder  . 
'Pill  of  second  tinker. 

FintiiT  reach 

Height,  sitting 

Width  (jf  shoulders. 

Lentrth  of  head 

Breadth  of  head  . . .  . 
Height  of  face(fi).  .. 
Hei<;ht  of  face  (6).  .. 

Hreadth  of  face 

Heitrlil  of  no.se 

Breadth  of  nose  . . . . 
Ear  length 

.'\rm  index 

Finger  reaeli  inde.t  . 
Sitting  height  index 

Shoulder  index 

Cephalic  index 

Facial  index  ui\  . . . . 

Facial  index  (/i) 

Nasal  index 


Men  (100) 

Women  (2,i) 

Mean 

Max. 

Min. 

Mean 

Mux. 

Min. 

1,557.1 

1,722 

I,4a3 

1,438.4 

1,548 

1,,338 

1,286.7 

1,503 

1,153 

1,175.2 

1,276 

l,()i)4 

547.3 

656 

515 

521.3 

,567 

4.57 

1,613.3 

1.827 

1,419 

1.455.6 

l.,563 

l.,311 

aso.o 

921 

7.38 

772.0 

824 

720 

342.2 

.398 

295 

.318.3 

■X-y-l 

295 

187.7 

202 

164 

180.7 

lit? 

171 

144.1 

1,59 

128 

1.37.0 

Ml 

113 

ITIi.O 

190 

154 

162.3 

177 

ir),3 

112.1 

131 

98 

101.8 

lU 

95 

140.8 

1,56 

127 

1,31.1 

1,37 

126 

47.9 

60 

40 

42.2 

48 

37 

39.9 

50 

,33 

,35.6 

41 

.32 

62.2 

72 

52 

57.7 

64 

49 

45.5 

48.7 

42.8 

45.3 

51.2 

43,0 

103.4 

109.3 

97.7 

101.1 

106.8 

96.0 

53.3 

58.8 

50.7 

53.6 

56.0 

,-)().  9 

21.9 

24.2 

19.8 

22.0 

23.6 

20.6 

76.8 

86.4 

68.0 

75.9 

82.4 

66.4 

81.6 

94.5 

65.6 

80.9 

87.5 

72.7 

125.9 

144.4 

104.9 

129.0 

Hl.O 

117.1 

a3.8 

102.2 

G4.1 

84.6 

1)7.5 

68.7 

THE    CHOLS 

In  statui'e,  the  ("hols  fall  between  their  neijjlilii  US  and  linguistic  relatives,  the 
Tzotzils  and  Tzendals,  in  the  list  of  little  statures  at  l,r)o7,!> — with  1')  |)er  cent,  of 
the  subjects  below  l.tiOOmm.  The  arm  index  is  moderate,  but  tlie  finger-reach  index, 
1U;J.8,  is  rather  high.     The  cephalic  intlex  is  far  away  from  that  of  al 

107 


linguistic   rela- 


Physical  C'har.\ctek.s  of  Ixd-ians  of  Southekn  Mexico 


FIG.  :«i.     CHOL:   TUMHALA.  .ST.\T?:  OF  CHIAPAS 


TABLE    XXXII.       CUOLS 


Men-  (100) 

Women  (2.i) 

Mean 

Max. 

Min. 

Mean 

Max. 

Min. 

Stature 

1.557.9 

1,686 

1,436 

1,413.2 

1.485 

1,.305 

Height  of  shoulder 

1,288.4 

1,423 

1,184 

1,165.6 

1.247 

1,067 

Tip  of  second  tinger ... 

580.7 

6a5 

506 

523.1 

605 

449 

Finger-reach 

1.G14.0 

1,775 

1,289 

1,4.38.1 

1,.5.38 

i.:r)6 

Height,  sitting 

817.8 

897 

725 

748.1 

8.54 

(580 

Width  of  shoulders 

.■(4(5.7 

;®i 

289 

.310.5 

.343 

289 

ljen"th  of  head 

182.5 
147.5 

202 
1.59 

1&5 
1.34 

177.1 
141.6 

188 
1.53 

1(57 

Breadth  of  head 

128 

Height  of  face  (o) 

175.8 

195 

1.55 

1(56.2 

181 

150 

Height  of  face  (h) 

113.2 

128 

101 

10.3.2 

114 

92 

141.2 
48.8 

1.57 
.58 

128 
41 

130.2 
45.0 

i:» 
.50 

122 

Height  of  nose 

40 

Breadth  of  nose 

37.1 

48 

.31 

.34.2 

41 

29 

Ear  length 

60.4 

70 

53 

58.4 

69 

51 

Arm  index 

45.3 

48.4 

40.8 

45.4 

53.5 

41.7 

Finger  reach  index 

103.8 

109.4 

98.2 

101.7 

106.7 

94.9 

Sitting-height  index 

52.4 

.55.9 

48.6 

52.8 

64.1 

46,4 

Shoulder  index 

22.1 

25.1 

19.7 

21.9 

2.3.9 

20.5 

Cephalic  index 

Facial  index  (a) 

80.8 

95.7 

72.4 

80.0 

90.0 

73.5 

80.4 

9(J.7 

71.2 

78.5 

84.6 

70.7 

Facial  index  ih) 

124.9 
70.4 

140.5 
,       106.9 

108.8 
58.6 

126.5 
76.1 

1.39.5 
89.1 

111.5 

Nasal  index 

61.7 

108 


Fkederick  Stakr  59 


tives.  The  fuiulampiitnl  coloring  is  (23),  darkening  in  individual  cases  to  ('28-liJj. 
These  two  shailfs  occur  in  two-thinls  of  the  subjects,  and  no  case  varied  far  from  them. 
There  were  luit  three  cases  in  which  the  hair  showed  any  tendrncy  t(j  wavy  or  curly; 
there  was  no  baldness,  and  oidy  one  case  of  gray  ami  one  of  gray-s[)rinkled  hair.  The 
heard  on  the  upper  cheeks  is  medium,  on  the  lower  cheeks  none,  on  the  chin  scanty; 
the  moustache  is  of  medium  (juantity  and  rarely  attains  to  any  length;  shaving  is 
quite  geneial:  tive  hcaids  were  more  or  less  gray,  and  two  weie  of  a  brownish  color. 
The  eves  are  dark  brown  and  widely  separated;  ■while  twenty-tive  cases  showed  a  slight 
oblicjuity,  not  one  was  truly  mongoloid.  There  was  one  case  of  strabismus.  The  nose 
is  quite  large  and  prominent  ;  it  is  acjuiline,  sometimes  extremely  so;  its  index  is  the 
lowest  but  one  in  the  list ;  the  line  at  the  junction  of  the  nose  and  the  forehead  varies 
from  hieh  to  medium  and  from  narrow  to  medium;  when  it  becomes  lower  it  also 
becomes  wider;  l)ut  there  is  no  tendency  to  low,  wide  form.s.  The  lips  are  of  medium 
thickness  or  even  thin,  and  project  little  or  not  at  all.  The  ears  are  round  and  well 
formed,  and  stand  fairly  otf  from  the  heail;  the  upjjcr  border  of  the  helix  is  rolled 
inward,  but  opens  downward  and  is  flat  in  the  lower  part  —  it  is  everywhere  thick : 
the  lobe  is  of  iiicirmm  size  and  attached  —  varying  in  form  fimn  triangular  to  rmind- 
triangular. 

The  stature  of  the  females  is  about  5K)  per  cent,  of  that  of  the  nuiles;  their  arm 
index  is  the  same,  but  their  tinger-reach  index  is  less.  Their  color  is  a  little  lighter 
at  (23)  and  (23)  to  (15);  it  has  more  of  a  reddish  tinge.  Among  our  twi'iity-tive 
W(mien  was  an  undue  |)ro[)ortion  of  old  women  —  showing  thre(^  cases  of  gray  hair. 
There  were  no  unnuirried  women  in  our  series.  Twenty-four  mothers  had  borne  one 
hundred  and  two  children,  of  whom  fifty-uine  had  died. 


109 


1N5.S3 


